2010-002  WATER QUALITY EVALUATION OF ALA RIVER AND SOME WELLS AND THE IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE  IN AKURE ONDOSTATE NIGERIA

Oyebola Adebola Elemide

Federal College of  Agriculture  Akure Along Obaile Road Ondostate Niger, Nigeria

Abstract:

This paper reports the estimation of some quality parameters of Ala River and some well in Akure.  Surface qualities of the river were studied in order to evaluate its uses.  Water and soil samples were collected from the river and nearby small-irrigation farms at Alagbaka, Oyemekun Oba Ile and Adesida quarters.  The samples were analyzed using standard analytical techniques and were compared with recognized water quality standard.  Quality parameters like pH, Dissolved oxygen, Turbidity, Total alkalinity, Temperature.  Chloride, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, Total solid, Nitrate and colour were determined in water samples from selected well and Ala river.  The range of values obtained were pH (6-7), Total solid (50.0-192.0mg) Dissolved oxygen (2.6 to 4.8mg/L) Calcium hardness (36.0-48.0 mg/i).  These values when compared with standard showed that the river and well are polluted.  Appropriate treatment should be employed to make it fit for domestic water supply, Agriculture and recreational activities.  The results obtained in the analysis were compared with the World Health Organization Standard for portable water and recommended that the water be further purified before domestic use.

Key words: Agriculture, Recreational, water  Quality, World health organization standard

2010-042 CLASSIFICATION OF DAY AND NIGHT STABILITY INDEXES OF THE ATMOSPHERE OVER BULGARIA USING REMOTE SENSING
Magda Bozhkova
Aerospace Monitoring Center, Bulgaria

Abstract:
Research of the atmospheric stability, using remote sensing, is now possible in Bulgaria thanks to the ground based station of MODIS data. The algorithm MOD07 – "Atmospheric Profiles", established by NASA MODIS Science Team provides information for the profiles of the temperature and the dew point, as well as for three stability indexes: Lifted Index, K-index and Total Totals. The main advantages of these data are: (i) they are available day and night, up to eight times in 24-hours (ii) all the data are available in 5x5km grid; (iii) all the data are available in real time; (iv) for many regions of interest these satellite data are the only source of information. A first attempt for a classification of the stability indexes over Bulgaria based on MODIS data is presented in this report. Most of the existing classifications used in North America and Europe are not applicable for Bulgaria. For this reason an effort is made for detailed analysis of all three indexes together. Moreover, special attention is paid to night images, which are more important for now-casting and forecasts, especially when it is about non-frontal processes with developing of Cumulonimbus and probability of thunderstorm activity summer-time.

Key words: remote sensing, atmosphere, Lifted Index, K-index, Total Totals

2010-048 DETECTING TRENDS IN DRINI RIVER BASIN
Miriam Bogdani Ndini
Institute for Energy, Water and Environment, University of Polytechnics, Tirana, Albania 

Abstract:
The present study aims to analyze the river flow of Drini River, situated in northern Albania, using the data from this watershed. The objective of the study is to investigate whether there is any support for increases in river floods in observational data. Flood trend studies tend to focus in the annual maximum flood series, which means that in years with many high flows only one flood event per year will be selected, and in years with no large flows at all, a relatively low flow will be selected. In the present study it is used a Peak-Over- Threshold approach (POT), selecting all floods above a certain threshold that occur in an entire flow record, provided that the floods extracted can be regarded as independent. This means that in one particular year several floods may be recorded, whereas in another year no floods may be recorded. Thus the use of POT series also allows an estimate of the trend in the frequency of floods, rather just their magnitude, by calculating the number of POTs that occur each year and investigating the trend in this series. The data to be use are these of maximum monthly river flow in Drini river basin and are selected to be free of human influence ( as much as it is possible).  The method used to estimate whether there is a significant positive or negative trend in flood magnitude and frequency is the linear regression. By this method a regression line fits to the series and the slope describes whether the trend is strong or not. The null hypothesis is that the slope of the line is zero.  However, the linear regression method requires the assumption of normal distribution and is very sensitive to outliers in the data, by ranking the observation and applying the non-parametric Mann â€" Kendall test, a more robust measure of trend is obtained.

Key words: flood, water regime, peak over treshold

2010-052 THE STUDY OF FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN THE LAKE OHRID ECOSYSTEM
Hysen Mankolli
Department of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania

Abstract:
The ecosystem of Ohrid Lake is one of the most important areas in Albania because of the variety of diversity, floristic diversity and variations of cultivating plants. Many spaces of Ohrid ecosystem have a national and international protection. The study: "� The study of floristic diversity on the Lake Ohrid ecosystem"� realized in the two points of study Tushemisht and St Naum realized on 2007 year. In the Albanian and Macedonian part of the Lake were found one after the other, six areas of vegetation: a. the area of Charts spp., b. the area of Potamogeton spp., c. the area of Phragmites australis or the group of rods, d. the area where prevail floaty kinds of leaves, e. marsh areas f. the area of woods (up to 1000 m). In many places the highest density is noticed in the classes Phragmitetea (close to the waterside) and Charetea (from 5-20 m of depth). In the Albanian and Macedonian part of the lake, is developed the part of rods. The founding of a monitoring system for taking the measures, in order to notice the changes in vegetation. Preservation of the equilibrum between the natural ecosystem and the agroecosystem. Based on the height of the area, they may be divided in: oak forest termofil with wide leaves, where the oak prevails, and Quercus frainetto, associated regularly with Acer inonspessulanum, A. platanoides, Fraxinus ornus in the lowest and warmest parts of oak forests. Forests with oaks that endure the cold, such as Quercus petraea and Q.cerris, associated by Sorbus torminalis, Acer obtusatum, Fraxinus excelsior, encountered in the middle and upper part of the oak forests. Formations of the forests with beech leaves that fall encountered in the upper part of the forest,. A prevailing species is Fagus sylvatica associated by Carpinus betulus, Acer obtusatum, A. pseudoplatanus, Daphne mezereum, Tilia cordata the Sorbus aria, Populus alba, Salix alba, Fikus spp. etc. a species with a special interest is chestnut, Castanea sativa, with woods that grow in the park and in the hills close to Pogradec. Near the hills of Tushemisht and mountain beam , is found an endemic plant Alyssum markgraji (LINNAEUS, 1758).

Key words: vegetation, lake, mountain, ecosystem

2010-054 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON ALBANIA: METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF OHRID BASIN
Hysen Mankolli
Department of Agro-Environment and Ecology,Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania

Abstract:
Albania is a small country, there are important climatic differences, (Mankolli H., 2007), which are result of the very broken country’s relief. Four climatic zones: Lowland-Mediterranean Zone, Hilly-Mediterranean Zone, Pre-mountain-Mediterranean Zone and Mountain-Mediterranean Zone. Typical Mediterranean climate characterizes the lowlands and the plains. The mountainous area has in principle typical continental climate with a slight Mediterranean influence. But there is a significant difference between the North and the South. In the South the summers are drier and the differences between summer and winter temperatures are not as big as in the North. The data climatic for same year’s period where minimal and maximal temperature and precipitation on micro zone in territorial areas Ohrid_Pogradec, Albania, take on study, we have value from coefficients of Q with small limits boundary. The index Q from applied method Emberger is 102.9. Eco zone in the mountainous and lake ecosystem of Ohrid_Pogradec classification on bioclimatic model, with humidity, with value (Q) over 90.  The data climatic for same year’s period where minimal and maximal temperature and precipitation on micro zone in territorial areas Ohrid_Pogradec, Albania, take on study, we have value from coefficients Ic, It, Io: the index Ic from applied method Rivas Martine’s is 11.13, the index It from applied method Rivas Martine’s is 371.3 and  the index Io from applied method Rivas Martines is 4.6.

Key words: climatic index, meteorological data, climate change, ohrid basin

2010-058 COST- EFFECTIVE REMEDIATION  OF  HIGH FLUORIDE RICH GROUNDWATER : A CASE STUDY FROM INDIA
S.K.Sharma
Carman Residential and Day School, Shyampur, Dehradun, India

Abstract:
India suffers greatly from the presence of  large amounts of fluoride in its water supply  especially in nine States covering almost the entire country. In order to assess the  water quality and the related health problems due to high fluoride content, water samples from nine  States across India have been collected and analyzed. Analyses from  surface, subsurface and thermal water samples had  fluoride concentration that range from < 0.2 to 13 ppm. The  probable source of high fluoride relates to the water-rock interaction within the sedimentary basins. During rock weathering and subsequent circulation of pore water through the soil and rock matrix, fluorine is leached out, mainly from the mineral fluorite (CaF2)  and calcium difluoride, and dissolved in the ground water. Human health  affects of high fluoride content in water are manifested in the form of 'endemic fluorosis' which has  no known treatment other than early detection and limiting the amount of fluoride ingested. High fluorine consumption leads to the fluorosis of the bones which is generally found in Asian region but it is more acute in India. Hence, possibilities of reducing the high fluorine content of groundwater by defluorination process / dilution with the surface water is one very simple technique but addition of Ca++ ions to solution in contact with fluorite when experimented in distilled water caused appreciable decrease in fluoride concentration which appears to be more suitable solution to high fluoride problem in an otherwise water scarce India. In areas of high concentration. easily available local raw materials, such as clay, serpentine and marble can he used to reduce the fluoride content if geological and geochemical investigations be carried out prior to the implementation of water supply schemes.

Key words :    groundwater, fluoride, endemic fluorosis,  defluorination, raw material

2010-059 TECHIRGHIOL LAKE - EUROPE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE
Gina Raluca Kerkmann
Museum Complex of Natural Sciences of Constanta, Romania

Abstract:
Paralittoral Techirghiol lake (Dobrogea Region, Romania) constitutes an ecosystem with a special structure and an interesting geological past. Located at 15 km south-east of Constanta city, with a surface of 1270 ha and a maximum length of 11 m, Techirghiol lake has developed in a lacunal system after the communication suspension with the Black Sea 2-300 years ago (TUCULESCU, 1965).
 Techirghiol lake has a hiperhaline system, the salinity real value varies today between 57-61 g/l. The lake is not only a tourist attraction but also a balneary centre, the presence of sapropel mud of whom composition contribute the Artemia salina filopod and the Cladophora eurihaline algae – extracted from 3 places located at a distance of 4-6 m length from the central lake area, represents the remedy of rheumatism of who wishes to enjoy a holiday in these historical places.
 The first documentary certification of the Techirghiol locality and lake was in year 1560, under the Ottoman Empire (LAPUSAN Aurelia & LAPUSAN S., 1999).
 The Techirghiol lake constitutes an interest ecosystem for biologists through its special qualitative composition, characterized by the endemic species presence.
 The strong antropical impact of last decades brought changes in abiotic factors values, especially the salinity, consequence being the changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of Techirghiol lake fauna. Nowdays solutions are necessary for the purpose of port water ecological equilibrium restoration.

Key word: lake ecosystem, salinity water, abiotic factors, Artemia salina, Cladophora

2010-060 THE FLOOD SITUATION OF ASSAM -  A CASE STUDY
Mukul Chandra Bora
Dibrugarh Polytechnic, Lohowal, India

Abstract:
The problem caused by water may broadly be catagorised into two major groups' viz. shortage of water and surplus of water. Shortage of water causes drought and surplus water causes flood. The water is the vital ingredients for the survival of human being but sometimes it may cause woe to the human not due to insufficient water but due to abundant water which in turn causes the natural disaster called as flood. Assam is situated at the easternmost part of India. Geographically it is at the foothills of the Himalaya. Every year Assam experiences a huge amount of losses due to devastating flood caused by the river Brahmaputra. The losses are more in few places like (Majuli, biggest river Island), Dhemaji, North Lakhimpur, Dhakuakhana and few places of Barak valley in Assam. The problem of flood is very old in Assam and the solution is very much difficult due to complex and devastating nature of the River Brahmaputra. Both short term and long term measures are sometimes failed to mitigate the losses caused by flood. This paper presents the case study on the losses in terms of livestock, human lives and that in terms of property that have taken place in some district of Assam.

Key words: Disaster, Water, Loss of property,  Huam lives

2010-061 COWS TO KILOWATTS: ABATTOIR WASTE TURNED INTO CLEAN ENERGY
Joseph Adelegan
Global Network for Environment and Economic Development Research, Nigeria

Abstract:
Cows to Kilowatts" abates water pollution, improves ecosystem health, mitigates greenhouse gas emission and creates cheap source of domestic energy with environmentally safe organic fertiliser from slaughterhouse waste through the installation of sustainable biogas plant. The innovation is a winner of the prestigious 2005 Supporting Entrepreneurs for Environment and Development (SEED) International Awards (www.seedinit.org). SEED is supported by IUCN-The World Conservation Union, UNDP, UNEP, GPPi Germany, VRom, Global Compact, Swiss-Re, the Government of United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, South Africa and the United States of America. The initiative also featured as 2008 Principal Voices www.cnn.com/principalvoices by CNN in association with Shell, Times and Fortune Magazine. The innovation also receives the 2009 Technology Pioneers Award of the World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. The Problem and Alternative: Cows to Kilowatts Slaughterhouses are a major source of water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, especially in the developing world. Specific regulations for abattoirs do often not exist or are poorly enforced. This represents an immediate environmental problem, affecting among others the development of aquatic life. Slaughterhouse waste also often carries zoonotic diseases – animal diseases that can be transferred to humans. Communities depending on polluted water for consumption and agriculture therefore face significant health risks. Moreover, the anaerobic degradation of wastewater generates methane and carbon-dioxide and thus accelerates climate change. Two African citizen sector organizations, Green Globe Trust and the Global Network for Environment and Economic Development Research drew attention to this issue. The way out of the dilemma was to find a way of capturing the gas emissions and turning them to productive usages. Relevant technology for achieving this was created in association with a Thai research institution. The anaerobic fixed film bioreactor treats agro-industrial waste and produce biogas as well as organic fertiliser. Business Model and Benefits The initiative gained international recognition. Hence, UNDP provides an initial support of US $500,000. The project was designed to be commercially viable. Producing around 270 m³ of compressed biogas a month, the plant generates return on investment after 2 years. With an estimated lifespan of 15 years, the plant creates substantial economic returns. The biogas plant generates several positive environmental, economic and social impacts. The plant was designed to capture 900 m³ of methane per day and emission reduction of 22,300 tons of CO2 per year. The captured methane is upgraded and compressed for as household cooking gas which serves 5,400 poor households monthly. The predominantly poor families benefit from the gas because it constitutes a cleaner alternative to other commonly used fuels. At significantly lower cost than currently available sources of natural gas, it reduces indoor air pollution and associated health hazards in poor communities. Roll-out and replication Many other cities across Africa are facing similar environmental challenge from untreated slaughterhouse waste. Through the use of innovative technology, it presents a solution to the problem of waste treatment which at the same time minimises the carbon footprint of slaughterhouse operations and other organic wastes. Moreover, it is an economically self-sustainable and profitable initiative, generating a classical win-win situation.

Key words: Abattoir, wastewater, pollution control, biogas, renewable energy

2010-062 WETLAND SYSTEM: A CHEAPER AND EFFICIENT TREATMENT OPTION FOR THE FOOD PROCESSING WASTE IN AFRICA
Joseph Adelegan
Global Network for Environment and Economic Development Research, Nigeria

Abstract:
The study investigates an alternative wastewater treatment system for the food and beverage industry in Africa. A subsurface flow wetland system was designed and compared with a UASB bioreactor installed for a brewery in Nigeria.   The cost of the installed 3000m3 bioreactor for the brewery industry is USD 5.00 million however the cost of the constructed subsurface flow wetland system with a capacity of 5,200m3 is USD 1.65 million. Hence, the cost of the designed wetland system is 33% of the cost of installed bioreactor. The cost of operation and maintenance of the designed wetland system is much lower than that of the installed bioreactor.   The comparative treatment efficiency of the designed wetland system and the installed bioreactor shows that the waste characteristics for the designed subsurface flow constructed wetland after treatment falls within the USEPA threshold for food processing industry. However, for the installed UASB Bioreactor, most of the waste characteristics are above the stipulated threshold.   In addition, the treatment efficiency of the designed subsurface flow constructed wetland for the controlling parameters, BOD, TSS and Faecal Coliform are 96.83%, 88.42% and 96.29% respectively. For the installed UASB reactor, the treatment efficiency for the same controlling parameters, BOD, TSS and Faecal Coliform are 62.94%, 15.36% and 63.81% respectively. Hence, the designed subsurface flow constructed wetland is more efficient in the removal of BOD, TSS and Faecal Coliform hence could be an excellent alternative for the food and beverage industry in Africa.

Key words: wetland system, subsurface flow, wastewater treatment, effluent threshold, bioreactor

2010-063 ECO-INNOVATION AND CORPORATE PERFORMANCE: THE AFRICAN EXPERIENCE
Joseph Adelegan
Global Network for Environment and Economic Development Research, Nigeria

Abstract:
Addressing a paucity of research about industrial adoption of environmentally benign technologies in Africa and, more generally, in tropical developing countries, we examined the Nigerian pulp and paper industry as a case study. Qualitative interviews with twenty upper echelon executives representing five Nigerian firms challenge conventional expectations that energy intensive industries in developing markets operate amid highly pollution-intensive conditions, within weak or non-existent formal environmental regulatory frameworks, and with limited institutional capacity. Our findings suggest a strong positive relationship between cleaner technology use and corporate financial performance of African industrial firms. Our study also suggests the adoption of classical 'win-win' integrated preventive environmental strategy, eco-efficiency and green productivity which improves industrial efficiency and profitability. Nigerian pulp and paper firms are shown to have moved beyond end-of-pipe technologies and cleaner technologies and adopted industrial ecology and "zero emission" principles with appropriate reuse of the remaining waste streams turning the production system into a sustainable industrial ecosystem.

Key words: Environmentally Benign Technologies, Environmental Policy, Eco-Innovation, Financial Performance, Pulp and Paper

2010-067 CONCENTRATIONS OF ZN AND NI CONTAINED IN URBAN SEDIMENTS IN 30 CITIES IN THE SOUTH OF BRAZIL AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
Cristiano Poleto
State University of Maringa - UEM, Brazil

Abstract:
The growing increase in metal concentrations in urban areas has been documented in innumerable scientific studies. In a general way, urban sediments end up being their transporting agent and upon entering into bodies of water, they release these loads constituted of innumerable pollutants, principally metals like zinc and nickel. For that reason, the present study made a survey in 30 cities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, collecting and analyzing composed samples (100 m² per sample) of urban sediments obtained in impermeable areas of the central regions. Concentrations of the metals was obtained through acid digestions (HCl-HF-HClO4-HNO3), which resulted in mean values of 299 µg.g-1 for Zn and 48 µg.g-1 for Ni. As in previous mobility research it was shown that local sediments have a large pre-disposition of being easily released in aquatic environments, the results suggest that the degradation of bodies of water is constant, and if management efforts developed in these basins do not consider these sources of pollutants, their water resource management model will have an important methodological fault.

Key words: urban basin, urban sediments, metals

2010-068 AN INFLUENCE OF MOLYBDENUM UPON THE CONTENT OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN THE FRUITS OF TOMATOES
Denka Valerieva Kostova
Agricultural  University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Abstract:
The influence of the fertilization as an element of the agricultural technics upon the synthesis of antioxidants and microelement molybdenum is complex and makes an impression. Vegetables are sources of a line of powerful antioxidants: lycopene, β carotene, as well as vitamins А, С, Е. It has been proved that tomatoes are a main source of many nutritious carotenoids, as well as lycopene. That's why we directed our studies to a vegetable crop tomatoes. The influence of the potassium fertilization upon the content of molybdenum in plants of tomatoes has been studied. The concentration of molybdenum in fruits increase from 10.12 mg/kg tо 30.53 mg/kg with the increase of the fertilization norm of potassium nitrate in soil. With the increase of the fertilization norm of potassium sulphate in soil the amount of the accumulated molybdenum in fruits of tomatoes decreases from 32.65 mg/kg tо 10.00 mg/kg dry matter. The molybdenum content in the fruits of tomatoes was determined by a new method with Triphenyltetrazolium chloride. To check the method that we propose, a parallel determination of molybdenum content was carried out by the atomic-absorption method (ААS). In connection with the positive action of molybdenum upon the vegetation and growth of plants we studied the subordination between the accumulated in the fruit of tomatoes molybdenum and the quantity of antioxidants: vitamin "С" , β carotene and lycopene. The experimental data show that not only the fertilization norm, but also the kind of the potassium fertilizer do have influence upon the content of molybdenum and antioxidants. The study shows that the high concentrations of molybdenum have positive influence upon the content of vitamin "С", β carotene and lycopene in the fruit of tomatoes (in fertilization with KNO3). The deficit of the nutritious element molybdenum leads to retardation of the growth and decrease of yield.

Key words: molybdenum  determination,  antioxidants, plants

2010-069 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR THE CONTENT OF MANGANESE IN DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION IN PLANT MATERIAL 
Denka Valerieva Kostova
Agricultural University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Abstract:
In the conditions of intensive farming, the problem of trace elements in the soil-plant system attained significant importance. The level of manganese in plants is usually increased with the progress of the vegetation. Higher levels of manganese were found in plant organs in which the metabolism is more intensive. Manganese is an element which is important for the nitrogen metabolism in plants. Manganese insufficiency leads to a considerable accumulation of nitrates, disturbance in the protein synthesis in plants and illness to some plants. Also the manganese insufficiency causes a decrease in Ca and Mg content in plants of vegetable crops. The extremely important role of manganese in the growth of plants determined the goal of our study. The present study is intended to clear up the effect of a prolonged fertilization (mineral and organic) on the manganese content in radishes using a new method with Crystal Violet for determination of manganese. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 0.2 – 2.2 μg ml-1 manganese (VII), limit of detection is 0.032 g ml-1 Mn(VII). To show that the  triphenylmethane dye Crystal Violet which we used, can be applied to the analysis of manganese in plant material. A study in a multiple-factor stationary field experiment with 16 variants NPK on background without and with annual fertilization with manure has been carried out. The manganese content in the roots of radishes, cultivar Red with white tails, was determined. It was established that fertilization has an effect upon the manganese content in the roots of radishes. In the three levels of nitrogen fertilization with N120, N240 and N360, the highest content here was 95.25 mg/kg Mn dry mass after fertilization with N240:P360:K120 = 2:3:1. As we take into account the different fertilization with N, P and K it can be seen that radish accumulate least manganese 10 mg /kg in fertilization only with P and K (N0P120K120). The content of manganese grows up above 5 times if in the fertilization can be used a nitric fertilizer N120P120K0 and N120P0K120.

Key words: manganese determination,fertilization, plant samples

2010-070 BASIC RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE SINTER IN THE BLAST FURNACE MELTING ZONE POSITION
Ruica Mihai - Florentin
University Polytechnic of Bucharest, Romania

Abstract:
This paper presents results of laboratory experiments carried out in order to find a connection between physico - chemical  characteristics of basic sinter indicators of different tailings on the reduction behavior in conditions similar to the furnace. Its significance lies in the relationships influence the development of reduction reactions in the furnace were busy on a cohesive zone of blast furnace position and impact productivity and total fuel- making equipment used for iron making. Is describe materials used, testing which have undergone tests crowded and experimental results. After the data obtained show the influence of very important basic feature of tailings on the extent of reduction index. Is presented a theoretical development process by reducing chemical kinetics on particles sinter.

Key words: Blast furnace , melting zone, iron ore and iron oxide  waste

2010-080 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Esra Banu Sipahi
Selcuk Unv. Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Turkey

Abstract:
Stockholm Conference was the first official comprehensive assembly that environmental problems came up the states' agenda. Although 30 years passed since Stockholm Conference, lots of academic research have done, international agreements, sanctions and thesis on sustainable development and gren Technologies, the environmental problems like environmental degredation, poverty, famine and global warming increasing and going on and environmental problems are the main agenda item all over the World. On the other hand the gulf between the rich and the poor or the developed countries and less developed countries is growing rapidly and environmental problems keep going the first agenda item. Governance approach is a multi body level governing process produced as a solution to crisis of structural adjustment policies all over the world. Governance approach is a participatory governing process also includes governments, states, intergovernmental organizations, civil commotions, voluntary organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational companies, academics and media. Governance has taken as an alternative model while solving the environmental problems and policy making. In this context, the components of governance concept and its actors dealt with the study. And also the study aims to evaluate evironmental governance's role in solving the environmental problems, the relations between environmental governance and sustainable development and the roles and effects of nation states, international organizations and multinational companys on these relations.

Key words: Globalization, global environmental problems, governance, participation, Sustainable development

2010-084 REVIEW OF PRESENT RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING PROCESSES, LEADING, POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Vaibhav Gosavi
IIT Roorkee, Dept. of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India

Abstract:
Rapid development in computers and information technologies leads researchers to model a very complex process of rainfall-runoff very accurately. This leads to new horizon in water observation and information systems for the betterment of mankind. Aim of this paper was to critically review present rainfall-runoff models, software developed to simulate this process and then presenting the scope and suggestion for making a well comprehensive, easy-to-use decision support system (DSS) for water resources development and management. Rainfall-runoff modeling is an important aspect of hydrologic analysis and design. It is believed that about 325 years ago, the rainfall-runoff study begun with quantitative measurement. Since then historical developmental works in the field of rainfall-runoff modeling took place which is still continuing. Author here review different methods for computing runoff from rainfall, their approaches, data requirement, limitations and advantages over one other, some of them are rational method, black box and stochastic models, conceptual model, physically-based distributed models. Approaches such as popular SCS-CN method, AGNPS, CREAMS also reviewed. Then software like HEC-HMS, SWAT, MIKE-SHE also reviewed. Recent development such as Remote Sensing and GIS has witnessed a phase transition from resources mapping to decision-making. This paper present the scenario of whole rainfall-runoff process and use of advance techniques which helps in simplifying the process and by-then giving scope and suggestion to develop a decision support system for a particular region. At the end author gave a complete overall process of development of decision support system (DSS) from the available resources and models with subparts of the system, connecting link between various process, limitation of various models, suggestion for future development of decision support system (DSS) to assist government agencies and river-basin commissions etc., in decision-making for the efficient management of water resources in terms of both quantity and quality. Keywords: Rainfall-runoff, Decision Support System, Remote Sensing and GIS.

Key words: Rainfall-runoff, Decision Support System, Remote Sensing and GIS.

2010-110 QUALITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION TRADE-OFF IN THE FLOODPLAIN
Ahmadul Hassan
Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), Bangladesh

Abstract:
The world's largest delta, Bangladesh, is formed by three mighty rivers: Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. About 80% of the country is made out of rivers and their floodplains. Land and water are the essential natural resources for the livelihood in the floodplain. These interdependent resources coexist and should be considered jointly for their utilization to ensure economic development, social well being and a sustainable environment. Nutrient-rich and food rich floodplains provide nursery and feeding grounds for hatchlings, fry and juveniles. Frequent floods in Bangladesh, cause destruction of lives and properties. To improve the quality of life of floodplain dwellers, growing more food is one of the measures considered for development and hence undertaken mitigation measures like flood control structures. Upto1990s water resources management in Bangladesh was focused on flood management rather than low flow management for fish habitats. The flood control measures are targeted to protect the crops and ensure increase in production. But, the measures impacted on the regulatory, connectivity and storage functions of the floodplains. As a result, the water extent and duration are reduced and the habitat's productivity and condition to support aquatic lives have also been deteriorated. Hence it needs balanced trade off between floodplain functions and quality of life in utilizing the floodplain resources for sustainable development. In this paper a computation framework has been described to regulate the water level to reduce management conflict (environment and quality of life) in the floodplains and tested in a part of the Brahmaputra floodplain. Utilizing the opportunities and constraints of land and water use activity, fish and rice production trade off curves have been generated under different hydrological management options, where fish and rice represent environment and quality of life respectively.

Key words: Trade off, management conflict, natural resource management, floodplain

2010-111 THE PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE RESERVOIR FLUIDS FOR MHEIHERRAT FORMATION AT THE CENTRAL PART OF THE GULF OF SUEZ, EGYPT
Mahmoud Ghorab
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Egypt

Abstract:
The present work for determned the petrophysical characteristics of the Mheiherrat Fomation which is formed generally of carbonates and other case from sandstone. These include twelve wells (HH 84-1, GG 85-1, WFA-1, WFB-1, GS 216-1, GS 206-1A, GS 207-1A, GS 197-2, GS 196-1A, TANKA-1, TANKA-3 and TANKA-4) were selected for applying the present technique of the reservoir performance for Mheiherrat Formation in the considered area. In this respect, shale volume is needed for correcting the porosity and water saturation results for the biased effects of shale. It is considered as an indicator of reservoir quality, in which the lower shale content usually reveals a better reservoir. These petrophysical parameters (Фe, Vsh, Sw, Swir, Swre, Sh, Shr and Shm) are represented horizontally in the form of iso-parametric maps to illustrate their areal distribution within the evaluated formation across the area of study. The result of this study illustrate that, the hydrocabon quality increases gradullay outward the area of study where the movable hydrocarbon shows low content where it varies from 0% to32% at GS 216-1 well.

Key words: EPRI

2010-116 BIOIDENTIFICATION OF XENOBIOTICS IN FRESH WATER AS A PART OF WATER MANAGEMENT
Valerii Tonkopii
Institute of Limnology Rus.Acad.Sci. Russia

Abstract:
We have been developing non-traditional methods of the identification of pollutants, using various hydrobionts as biological objects and the study of the mechanism of toxic action of xenobiotics. The experiments were carried out with using of Daphnia magna. Daphnia magna is a Crustacean in the order of Cladocera. This aquatic animal extensively used as a test organism in aquatic toxicology due to their small size, short life cycle and amenability to lab culture. Daphnia magna is the most sensitive test-object in relation of different pollutants among all known biological objects including experimental animals. Experiments were performed with a 2-days old culture of Daphnia magna. The toxicity of xenobiotics was determined by the value of LC50, a concentration of the compounds causing death to 50% of hydrobionts during incubation with toxicants for 24 hours. In the first stage of the work, toxicity of organophosphates (Dipterex, DFP, DDVP, Paraoxon, Malathion, Malaoxon), carbamates (Aminostigmine, Physostigmine, Sevine), heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, As, Al), organochlorines (Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Aroclor, DDT, Lindane, PCBs etc.) and pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Allethrin, Resmethrin, Phenothrin, Kadethrin, Cyphenothrin) was determined. The effects of a number of antagonists on the toxicity of xenobiotics were studied. At the first time we discovered that in experiments to Daphnia magna some muscarinic cholinoreceptor blockers (atropine, glipine, pediphen etc.) reduced the toxic effect of organophosphates and carbamates. In the case of heavy metals the chelating agents (EDTA, Dithioethylcarbamate, Unithiolum, Sodium thiosulphuricum, L-Aspartic acid) were effective, for certain organochlorine poisonings - anticonvulsive drugs (diazepam, phenobarbital). In the case of pyrethroid's poisonings the antagonist of glutamate receptor (ketamine), DOPA receptors (haloperidole) and blocker of calcium channel (nimodipine) reduced the toxicity of xenobiotics. As far as these antidotes have a specific treatment action only against definite classes of pollutants, we have elaborated the sensitive express-methods of bioidentification of pollutants.

Key words: xenobiotics, bioidentification, water management

2010-120 A FRAMEWORK FOR INCLUDING THE IMPACTS OF A CHANGING CLIMATE ON FUTURE WATER SECURITY
Mark Summerton
Umgeni Water, South Africa

Abstract:
Umgeni Water, the second largest bulk water utility in South Africa, is responsible for supplying bulk potable water to some 6 million people at high levels of assurance. The demand for water is increasing rapidly as the utility increases its customer base, and at the same time addresses the water requirements of the millennium development goals. To maintain this level of service, timeous decision making regarding future water resources and infrastructure requirements is of paramount importance. To facilitate this, a framework that incorporates a changing climate has been developed to provide plausible scenarios of water resources and water supply in the future. The framework is presented, and as a proof of concept, a model configuration and results from the Mgeni catchment in South Africa are discussed. Results include potential impacts on a) water resources, b) water yield and assurance of supply, c) future water requirements, and on c) proposed future capital expenditure programmes. The framework includes contemporary hydrologic, climate and water yield models, and can be adapted and installed to other locations with relative ease.

Key words:  Climate Change, Water Resources Management and Planning, sustainable economic development, ACRU Agro-hydrological model, adaptation, Water Resources Yield, Risk, Assurance of Supply, Mgeni catchment in KwaZulu-Natal.

2010-121 A GENERAL OUTLOOK TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE OF NORTHERN CYPRUS
Gozen Elkiran
European University of Lefke, Guzelyurt, Turkey

Abstract:
Northern Cyprus (NC) for being an island has suffering from variety of climate conditions all around the country. NC is divided to six meteorological regions. Observation records showing great variety for each region. The first record was done in 1975 and each station has at least five gauge stations. In winter seasons, the rainfall records reveal maximum at Southern Coast as of 457 mm/year and minimum at Central Mesaoria as of 295 mm/year. The average annual rainfall is measured as 373 mm /year in the country. The temperature, which is having great effect in the water budget of the country, in summer times have an average of 30 oC and 15 oC for winter times, averagely. The pan A observations for evaporation reveals 12mm/month which falls to 80 % of the rainfall over the regions. In this research, the climate change in NC; rainfall, temperature, moisture content and evaporation values, will be searched using statistical methods, regional and district basis whenever possible.

Key words: Northern Cyprus, climate change, rainfall, statistical methods

2010-122 APPLICATION OF GIS FOR MODELLING RUNOFF GENERATION IN URBAN CATCHMENT, JIMMA, ETHIOPIA
Ashenafi Seifu Gragne
Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

Abstract:
Built in environments are usually subject to rapid land use changes which result in changes in runoff generation. The subsequent common challenge in urban hydrology is in predicting the associated change on degree of catchment response, which is determining flood magnitude versus return period relationship and the subsequent choice of a design flood. This paper presents a study conducted in a developed urban environment of 10 ha in South-western Ethiopia. In determining response of the catchment using the SCS curve number method, analysis of the governing spatial variables was carried out on Geographical Information System platform using the Spatial Analyst Tools. Versatility of the GIS platform assisted in reducing the length of time required to carryout spatial analysis and also helped to give clear picture of spatial variation of the catchment response over Jimma City.

Key words: GIS, runoff modelling, urban catchment, Jimma

2010-127 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CLIMATE FACTORS IN AVERAGE AND EXTREME YEARS
Vladimir Konovalov
Institute of geography, Moscow, Russia

Abstract:
Mapped spatial distribution of seasonal precipitation amounts and average air temperature are obtained for the research areas in years with normal and extreme values of glaciers runoff as well as total river runoff. To achieve this we used anomalies of precipitation amount for October-April and anomalies of average air temperature for June-September during 1961-1990, at 93 meteorological stations located along the intervals: latitude 30.20° - 44.08°N, longitude 67.20° - 82.98°E, and altitude of 122 – 4 169 meters above sea level. According to this information for each point-element (i.e. meteorological station with proper data) were calculated statistical probabilities by means of sample volume equaled to 30 years and received averages and standard deviations for each year. In characteristic years were revealed significant differences for spatial distribution of runoff climate factors. It was found out that the spatial distribution of the total amount of glaciers melting is the most variable in years with average water yield, as compared to the extreme years. This peculiarity is very beneficial for hydropower and agriculture because provide additional and natural ability to stabilize water balance of reservoirs. A piecewise multi-linear equations were obtained also to calculate the statistical probability of glaciers total melting in low and high flow years as a function of geographical coordinates and the average altitude of firn boundary. Statistics of climate factors of glaciers runoff, including integral and differential distribution and spatial correlation functions, provide a much more informative impact of climate change on the hydrological regime of glaciation, compared to the empirical estimates of averages values alone.
This presentation was supported by RFBR Project 08-05-00661

Key words: climate factors of runoff, spatial distribution, extreme years

2010-128 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.  DESIGN, OPERATION AND UPGRADING PROCEDURES  PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Manuel Malafaya-Baptista
Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Portugal

Abstract:
Water distribution systems (WDS) design (namely looped network systems) has been traditionally performed based on a static approach on the results of the 'normal' hydraulic performance of the pipes to satisfy the consumptions (quantified by demands on the nodes of the network) and subjective criteria for pipe diameter sizing. 'Abnormal' situations (as pipe failure scenarios) consequences in the performance level of the system (mainly in the changes in the pressure in the nodes of the network) usually are not analysed and evaluated. The present work describes new different alternative procedures to eliminate this lack in the information needed for an efficient operation and eventual upgrading of an existing water distribution system, as follows: i) Maximum entropy flow pattern methodology; ii) Pipe diameter resizing methodology; and iii) Double pipe network layout methodology. The description is based on a case study (looped network with 9 loops, 16 nodes, 24 pipes). Pipe failure scenarios and its hydraulic consequences (flow pattern changes in the pipes and energy losses between source nodes and demand nodes) are studied and the obtained results are used as essential information for the further stages of the proposed alternative methodologies. An exhaustive comparison between the traditional approach and the alternative methodologies is made, using numerical and graphical indicators of the obtained performance levels for each of the analysed scenarios. The obtained results allow to present a matrix of 'costs-benefits' objectively grounded, which allow a more coherent comparison of the alternative solutions studied for the WDS.

Key words: Entropic flow, Pipe resizing, Double pipe layout, Performance indicators

2010-133 RESERVOIR CLEANING WITHOUT TURBIDITY EFFECT
Klas Lange
Weda Poolcleaner AB, Sweden

Abstract:
The Weda VR-600 under water cleaning robot enables you to remove bottom sedimentation in drinking water reservoirs, including water towers, without creating any turbidity. This makes it possible to clean the reservoirs without any interruption to the water distribution since the reservoir can be kept on-line (in-duty) during the entire cleaning operation. The VR-600 is a remote controlled under water cleaner vehicle equipped with a strong on-board submersible pump connected to a discharge hose. The sediment is released from the bottom with separately controlled brushes on the vehicle and then sucked out through the submersible pump. The VR-600 is today introduced in 5 continents and is used not only in drinking water applications but also in industrial applications. Weda offers a wide range of under water cleaners for various applications. The common target is to offer cleaners that will do a good under water cleaning job without adding any chemiclas and with minimal waste of water. For further info please visit www.weda.se or contact Weda directly at info@weda.se

2010-134 WATER SCARCITY AND DROUGHTS MANAGEMENT IN SPAIN
Alberto Rodriguez Fontal
Ministry of Environment, Spain

Abstract:
The Special Action Plans include: i) Geographic zoning of the river basin, essentially along the lines of Water Usage Systems, a traditional device that has been maintained in present water management legislation. ii) A system of hydrological indicators for characterizing drought severity, defined in four phases which are, in increasing order of severity: normality, pre-warning, alert and emergency. iii) The basic indicators are: reservoir levels, piezometric readings – which take account of aquifer reserves –, runoff data in certain parts of the system and rain gauge readings, as well as indicators of water quality or environmental effects. iv) The above indicators have been grouped into different categories: by their purpose (warning, effect and efficiency indicators), type of PES measurements involved (forecasting, operating and organizational and management indicators) and by the availability of information (initial and potential indicators). v) Following a similar procedure in all basins, all the drought indicators were converted into dimensionless values ranging from 0 to 1 (status index). One task – based on the analysis of historic droughts and hydrological simulation techniques – that proved to be highly complex was the definition of the "threshold values" of the indicators used to characterize drought and measure its severity.

Key words: Droughts, Management, Plans

2010-138 RAINFALL, FERTILIZATION, SOC CHANGES IN A LONG TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT
Laszlo Marton
Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary

Abstract:
Seasonal changes of SOC’s mechanisms of arable soils are essential in understanding and mitigating global climate change. The objectives of this study were to determine of rainfall and fertilizatio impacts on SOC’s changes in a long-term field experiment on a Haplic Luvisol using popular rotation crops in a fragile agro-ecological environment at Nyírlugos city (Nyírség region; N: 470 41’ 60’’ and E: 220 2’ 80’’) in Hungary from 1962 to 2002 for 40 years. During 40 experimental yr seasonal correlations (R2) amongst SOC (mg kg-1) and precipitation (mm) in winter half year’s (WHY’s), and in summer half year’s (SHY’s) ranged from WHY’s R2 = 0.4401 to 0.8934, and from SHY’s R2 = 0.3343 to 0.9078 in a significancy at P<0.001. NPKCaMg fertilization impact on SOC (mg kg-1) and precipitation (mm) correlations were significantly (P<0.001) at a mean of R2 = 0.4691 in the WHY, R2 = 0.6171 in the SHY, and R2 = 0.6582 over the 40 yr. However, organic carbon stores (mg kg-1) in soils decreased linearly by increasing precipitation between 322 mm yr-1 and 727 mm yr-1.

Key words:  Precipitation, fertilization, SOC

2010-139 THE RELAXATION OF WATER – ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CENTRAL ASIA
Anvar Kodirov
Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan

Abstract
Tajikistan is rich in water resources. It is necessary to note that having occupied a little more 20 % of the area of the Aral sea basin (350 thousand км2) the mountain zone given about 90 % of the total surface runoff. The Aral – one is of large midland reservoir of globe. Into Aral run two rivers of Central Asian – Amudaria and Sirdaria, which waters traditionally used on irrigation. The Amudaria and Sirdaria – major of rivers and the Aral – largest reservoir of the Central Asian region. The general of middle-annual flow of all rivers in basin of the Aral sea make 116 km3. This volume include 79,4 km3 a flow of Amudaria and 36,6 km3 a flow of Sirdaria. According to the likelihood distribution of a flow, the 5 % (the year abounding water) and 95 % (the year of droughty), for Amudaria of the annual flow changes from 109,9 to 58,6 km3 and for Sirdaria accordingly from 51,1 to 23,6 km3. In 1913 irrigated territories of basin of the Aral sea made all about 2 million hectares, the expansion of these areas in region has begun only in the Soviet authority. Approximately to 60th years, the volume sea remained in relative balance: evaporation of a moisture with a surface was compensated for the account of water inflow from the rivers, underground waters and precipitation.
 

2010-141 THE LITHOLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PEJA'S LUMBARDH PUDDLE
Kosovare Tahiri
Student, Republic of Kosovo

Abstract:
The water resources of a location has determinant importance for the development strategy of all activities of population as from these factors are depending the possibilities of a location development. In this study were treated the issues of territorial definition of Peja's Puddle Lumbardh as well as the net of running water and water sources of the Puddle and the average bringing water of these flows and resources. It was treated as well the issues which concerns the orografic, pedological elements and climactic of Puddle as well as the population of residences of this zone which is included in this study. Having under consideration the water capacity of Peja's Lumbardh Puddle and the needs of the population for the use of these water and knowing that the farm grounds are those who mostly use this water in the region because of they spend 2/3 (two of third) of puddle water quantity while the rest quantity of puddle water is being used for the drinking water and for the other needs. In this study, we tried to introduce the present ways of using water potential for this zone, the present management and the consequences of degradation of water sources for this zone.

Key words: Water, Lumbardhi, Puddle, Orographic, Pedology , Climatic, Residences.

2010-145 CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT SOLID WASTES DEPOSITS
Beatrice-Natalia Neagu
Waters Directorate Buzau-Ialomita, Romania

Abstract:
The paper presents some aspects of location, operation and monitoring solid wastes deposits. National solid wastes strategy, the legal norms in force that provide for criteria and procedures for acceptance of solid wastes for storage, technical regulations for solid wastes storage, tracking and control procedures solid wastes deposits is part of documents that indicate how wastes management should be conducted corresponding. In recent years has considerably increased the amount of solid wastes and  therefore impact over environmental factors and human healthy. Therefore, due attention to the collection, transport and solid wastes storage of any kind. In important given the choice of solid wastes deposit, how the sealing, drainage works and water discharges and measures of safety in operation.

Key words: solid wastes deposits, wastes management

2010-146 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES IN THE UPPER BASIN OF OKPARA IN BENIN (WEST AFRICA)
Ogouwale Romaric
Laboratoire de Climatologie, Universite d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin

Abstract:
This survey aims at evaluating climate change impacts on water resources availability in high basin of Okpara. It focuses on the water resources vulnerability as regards to climate modifications observed in the basin. The modifications are characterized with climate indicators' variability. To identify currunt signs of climate change data of normal (1941-1970) and (1971-2000) are analysed and compared. The heap of rain days, the rainfall average have been used to determine gaps between the two considered normal. Data obtained at different scales have been reported in relative values. As for temperatures, warming up indicators are based on the calculation of gaps (°c) between the considered normals (1941-1970 and 1971-2000). Besides, by taking into account the climate indicators' evolution on the set of reference 1961-1990, their future evolution has been estimated. The comparative analysis of rain data, rainfall between normals 1971-2000 and 1941-1970, shows an overall decrease between 16 and 28 % in the high basin of Okpara. In this same period of time, temperatures have increased of 1°C overall in the basin. This situation has led into a deterioration of water resources in the basin, which has resulted into a decrease of the Okpara River's flow. Indeed, the analysis of hydrolic regime on the set 1965-2000, shows on owerall tendency to the decrease in order of 20 to 25 % during months such as July, August, September and October, which consequently of water resources in the basin. By 2050, on the basis of projections and scenarios, temperatures will increase between 1,5 and 2°C in the basin in relation to the decrease of the rainfall would be strod between 11 and 30 %. As for flows, on the same horizon, 2050, this decrease will pass at 30 % in 2010, then 40 % in 2050. If this situation does not reverse, one would attend a reduction of the water availability in the basin. In this context, the reduction of superficial water resources will disturbs the ecological and socio-economic systemes of this basin already vulnerable because of current climate contexts.

Key words: Climate change, water, vulnerability, upper basin of Okpara, Benin

2010-154 BIOCHEMICAL INDICATION OF MERCURY ACCUMULATION IN FISH
Nina Nemova
Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Abstract:
Among factors affecting biota mercury takes a special place because of its wide distribution in the environment as well as it is a highly toxic substance for any life forms. Over 90% of the total mercury accumulated in fish tissues is present as MeHg (Spry and Wiener, 1991). This experimental field study was initiated to evaluate cell metabolic response reactions on mercury accumulation in P. fluviatilis (freshwater lakes of Karelia Republic, Russia) exposed to chronic combine effect of mercury and associated environmental factors (water pH and color). Total mercury concentrations in samples were determined by conventional technique (FAO/SIDA, 1983). The status of an aquatic organism may be estimated by a complex of appropriate methods or biomarkers. Combined with suitable models, biochemical parameters allow revealing metabolic disturbances, which occur as a rule before visible abnormality in organism functioning. Following biochemical indices of fish was studied: tissue protein level, total sulfhydryl group and oxyproline contents, qualitative and quantitative composition of SH-containing low-molecular weight peptides, intracellular proteolytic enzymes (cathepsin B and calpains) activity, energetic metabolism enzymes (LDH, MDH, GPDH, aldolase, cytochrome oxidase) activity; nuclease (acid DNAase) activity; reserve and membrane lipids (triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and phospholipids) content and their fatty acid composition. Biochemical alterations due to mercury uptake adversely affect a range of metabolic pathways in the organism. Thus, obtained results allow to suggest an indicated complex of biochemical parameters as supplementary biomarker set at biochemical monitoring of the environment at mercury contamination, organic pollution level and lake acidification.Thus, obtained results allow to suggest an indicated complex of biochemical parameters as supplementary biomarker set at biochemical monitoring of the environment at mercury contamination, organic pollution level and lake acidification. The present study was supported by the RFBR, project 08-04-01140-a

2010-155 EUTROPHICATION IN SEA WATER OF THE MONTENEGRIAN COAST AT ADRIATIC SEA IN 2005-2007
Danijela Joksimovic
Institute of Marine Biology, Montenegro

Abstract:
The fact is that in the world today water and land represents limited life resource which are more and more degrade and disturbed, mostly by anthropogenic influence. In common with the other areas, this system is also under a great impact of anthropogenic factors and the activities on the shore. The rivers weighted by sewage, canalization and industrial waters bring large quantities of pollutants through the system of Skadar Lake and river Bojana into the sea, which can be natural, or more frequently anthropogenic. The aim of this work was to determine the content of nutrients and phisical-chemical caracteristic in sea water samples collected in fall 2005 / spring 2007 at ten locations of Montenegrin cost at Adriatic Sea. Content of nutrients in the samples of sea water was determined by using the standard spectrophotometry method (using UV/VIS, Perkin Elmer λ2) and physical-chemical parameters were determined using a MultiLine 4 labs. The obtained results of examined nutrients in samples of sea water were compared depending on seasons, fall-spring, and locations, at cost of the open sea-Boka Kotor Bay.

Key words: Eutrophication, nutrients, sea water, spectrophotometry

2010-165 DEVELOPING HYDRO-SOURCES FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN TURKEY: THE SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA PROJECT (GAP) AS A CASE STUDY
Bulent Acma
Anadolu University, Turkey

Abstract:
The Republic of Turkey has a special palace in the Eurasian and Mediterranean from the respects of both its social-economic structure and its geo-politic and geo-strategic importance. It is also the best model for the Islamic World by combining the traditional and modern life styles. In the recent years, there have been many opportunities flourishing through the development of Turkey. One of these is unvalued rich agricultural and hydro-sources in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. Turkey, which has been trying to make use of these resources for years, reached a certain stage today. The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), one of the most important projects in the world to develop the remarkable natural resources of the world, is accepted as a change for getting benefit from rich water and agricultural resources of the Southeastern Anatolia Region for the Eurasian. The GAP Project has been considered as a regional development projects through years, but the dimensions of sustainability, protection of environment and participatory have been attached to the master of the project in recent years. The GAP Project which take the responsibilities of some important tasks and functions in the future’s Eurasian World is giving hopes and coming fertility to its region. In addition, the project will provide some contributions in the respect of water sources and agricultural development in the Eurasian. The aim of this study is to introduce this region having rich natural hydro and agricultural resources and the GAP Project. For this reason, firstly, the natural potential of the region will be introduced. Second, the GAP Project aiming to make the country use of these natural resources, especially water resources will be presented in detailed way. In the third stage, the projects being processed for protecting the natural sources and environment, making use of water will be analyzed. In the last stage, strategies and policies to develop and to protect the natural resources of the region in short, mid, and long terms will be proposed for the Turkey’s and the Eurasian ’s benefits.

Key words: Natural and Hydro Resources, Environmental Economics and Sustainability, Southeastern Anatolia Region and Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP).

2010-168 WATER INFRASTRUCTURE AND FOOD SECURITY LINKAGES IN THREE SELECTED REGIONS OF ETHIOPIA
Tesfaye Tafesse
Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract:
Access to water infrastructure reduces the exposure of people to a variety of diseases that obstruct the intake and utilization of food. In addition, it can reduce the time of hauling water by women thereby increasing their productivity and status. The study has considered two important water infrastructures, namely, domestic water supply schemes and irrigation that affect food security in Ethiopia. Within Ethiopia, three regions that fall within the Ethiopian portion of the Nile Basin, namely, Amhara, Oromia and Tigrai, were purposively selected. Data and information pertaining to food security situations and the status of domestic water supply and irrigation for all zones in the regions have been collected. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques have been used to analyze the data. The findings of the study have shown that food security status in the three regions of Ethiopia is generally low and varies considerably from zone to zone and region to region. The study has also established the existence of strong linkages between water infrastructure and food security in Ethiopia. One finds a relatively lower number of food insecure population in areas where there are better accesses to water supply and irrigation agriculture. This implies the need for policy interventions that can help in upgrading and expanding water infrastructures, adopting an integrated food security and infrastructure development approach, maintaining the existing water schemes and universalizing water coverage in Ethiopia.

Key words: food security, water  infrastructure, livelihood vulnerability, water scarcity, food security strategy

2010-171 FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT – A BASIN APPROACH FOR ESTIMATION OF THE MAXIMUM WATER DISCHARGES
Evelin Monev
Institute of Water Problems - BAS, Sofia,Bulgaria

Abstract:
Basis of the proposed approach is the theoretical definition of the concept "Flood risk". It is demonstrated in the paper that the probability component in the flood risk is equal to the probability of water discharge to be largest or equal to given value. When the goal of the investigations is flood risk estimation in the whole river basin (or whole river length), it is obviously necessary to complete the calculations in a great number of river points with the same probability of the discharges. It is known that the equal probability values of the discharge change with the length of the rivers. However, these changes are known only in the points of hydrometrical stations. Another problem rises from the boundary condition of the hydraulic differential equation calculating for determination of the water levels in short river parts. Usually the calculation are made under condition of a constant water discharge value in every consecutive part. In the large river strictest these approximately constant values are different. An applied methodic for decision of these problems is given in the paper. It is supported by statistical methods of water discharge probability calculations by means of available data and estimation of theirs values, and probabilities in cases without direct observations.

Key words: Flood risk, probability, river strictes, irregular flow, water level, flooding areas

2010-172 CLIMATE CHANGE & WATER RESOURCES:RISK & RISK MANAGEMENT - GUYANA
Kailas Narayan
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology & Hydrology, Barbados, West Indies

Abstract:
Sea level rise resulting from climate change can be severe on coastal rivers & aquifers on continental coastal areas & small islands. Guyana is on the north eastern coast of South America, most of the population of which resides on a narrow coastal strip bordering the Atlantic Ocean, & below high tide level of the ocean. Water supply for domestic, agriculture & industrial uses are obtained from a combination of ground & surface water sources. In this paper an attempt is made to analyse situations that can arise as a result of sea level rise. A specific sea level rise of one meter by the end of the century & the impacts of this rise is investigated. The results indicate that the consequences for the surface water resources can be severe, but not as severe for the ground water resources.

Key words: sea level rise, surface water, ground water

2010-177 FLIWAS: THE RIGHT INFORMATION AT THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME FOR THE RIGHT PERSONS TO TAKE THE RIGHT DECISION
Kees de Gooijer
HKV Consultanta, The Netherlands

Abstract:
The risk of floods along the major rivers is a real danger in a large part of Europe. To prevent victims and minimize damage, mankind has to be well prepared for flood events. At such times up to date, unambiguous and reliable information is essential. The system FLIWAS collects and presents the information and predictions that are required in the case of (threatening) floods. In this way it contributes to better emergency response and disaster relief. FLIWAS is the acronym for FLood Information & WArning System. FLIWAS is a multi lingual web-based system and consist of different independently usable modules. FLIWAS will provide, share and communicate current information about imminent floods to the right persons, at the right time, at the right location, to take the right decisions. This way better decisions can be made and professionals are more aware of the impact of their decisions. FLIWAS is primarily intended for water management professionals and for decision makers on different levels. The water manager can access information that can be used to take appropriate practical actions during flood events (technical, organizational and communication level). Also information on current water levels and predictions or weak spots in embankments can be supplied. Decisions have to be taken about protecting and watching dykes (operational level). Supported by FLIWAS, decision makers on local, regional and even (trans)national level are better informed when they have to determine how to respond in a flood event (strategic level). Is the population at risk? Is evacuation required? Is military relief needed? Detailed geographical information and the results of flood modeling calculations show the impact of potential flooding. The information and maps supplied by FLIWAS make it possible to provide better answers. In this way uncertainties are reduced.

Key words: Flood, calamity management, information exchange

2010-183 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE HYDROLOGY OF AN ALPINE CATCHMENT, ASSESSED FROM AN ENSEMBLE OF REGIONAL CLIMATE MODELS
Christian Dobler
University of Innsbruck, Department of Geography, Austria

Abstract:
The Alps are the source of many major rivers in Europe. Possible changes in runoff of Alpine watersheds are of great importance also for the surrounding lowlands. The objective of the present investigation is to assess the impacts of climate change on the hydrology of the Lech Valley (1,000 km²), situated in the northern parts of the Alps. An ensemble of 9 climate projections provided by the EU-funded project ENSEMBLES has been used to simulate future climate. In order to overcome the gap between RCMs and the hydrological model, the delta change approach was chosen. An observed 30-year time series (1971–2000) of precipitation and temperature was perturbed according to mean monthly changes between the RCM runs. The hydrological simulations were employed with the semi-distributed model HQsim in an off-line mode. Both the calibration and validation of HQsim indicate that the model simulates runoff well in a complex topography like the Alps. The results show considerable increases in monthly temperatures and significant accompanying changes in the seasonal rainfall patterns, including an increase in the rainfall from November to May and a decrease in the rainfall from June to August. The resulting effects to the runoff indicate large seasonal varying changes. A decrease in monthly runoff during summer and increases in winter minimize the inter-annual disparities between low runoff in winter and high runoff in spring and summer. An analysis of monthly peak flows shows substantial changes in the magnitude of winter and summer floods. Due to these changes, water management will face new challenges in future. In comparison to existing studies, the use of an ensemble of different GCM-RCM combinations in this research allows to assess uncertainties in the climate projections. The overall agreement on climate runs provides high confidence in the simulations.

Key words: Climate change, Hydrology, Uncertainty, Stream flow

2010-140 THE INFLUENCE OF GRAINS SIZE SEDIMENT UPON FLOW PROCESSES IN POROUS MEDIUM
Bakos Mihaela  Violeta
Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Romania

Abstract:
Grain size is the most fundamental physical property of sediment. Porosity, hydraulic conductivity and permeability are very important parameters for study flow and transport process in porous media. This hydrological parameters depend on the size of sediment grains and the percentage of various sediment fractions. The techniques and equipment used for particle-size analysis must be accurate and yield highly reproducible results. The accuracy of these measurements is limited by sampling techniques, storage conditions, equipment, and the capability of the operator. The most used method to determine grain size distribution is laboratory analysis. In the present study will take into account two wells, whose lithologic will be described, it will be the grain size distribution chart and will determina te granulometry. Laboratory method helps us to determine: the range of grain size present in the sample, the grain size that is important for groundwater flow, to design a gravel pack around well screens and drains, and to determine hydraulic conductivity or permeability in porous medium. In the paper will present the types of particles or grains that are present, the size and size distribution of those grains, and then make some interpretations that help for study the flow and transport processes in aquifer .

Key words: grains size, porous medium, hydrological parameters

2010-186 IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE REGIME OF PRECIPITATIONS IN SOUTH BULGARIA
Kalinka Kouzmova
Agricultural university-Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Abstract:
Recent years have seen a very large concern among the scientific community on the problem of global warming and climate changes. Increased the extremes of climate as a record droughts and floods, which losses worldwide are estimated at hundreds of millions dollars and thousands of lives. Many forecasts of scientists suggest that the Planet will be warming and one of the most affected areas will be Southern Europe, including Bulgaria. It was conducted investigation in one of the most intensive agricultural region in Bulgaria - Tracia lowland, in order to establish the changes of precipitation regime during the last 70 years. It was used the main meteorological information for the last 70 years. Meteorological data were processed with conventional methods in climatology and agroclimatology (Gulinova, 1974; Kelchevskaja, 1975). There were established changes in rainfall regime during the vegetation period in the direction of drought; changes in agroclimatological resources and conditions for growing major in country and Tracian region agricultural crops. Require a change in technology for growing crops with a global trends.

Key words: global warming, climate change, precipitation regime, agroclimatic resources,agriculture, yield, optimal conditions

2010-198 CORRELATION BETWEEN PRECIPITATION AND SAVA RIVER DISCHARGE IN ZAGREB
Anita Filipcic
Faculty of Science - Department of Geography, Croatia

Abstract:
We are witnessing an increasing importance of contemporary climate changes. This paper deals with correlation between ammount of precipitation and Sava River discharge in Zagreb. Ljubljana is the representative meteorological station for Sava River discharge investigation in Zagreb . Due to prominent variability of the process the emphasis is on establishing linear trends. In order to reduce the negative characteristics of shifting arithmetic means, only three-year shifting arithmetic means are shown. The increase of annual precipitation amount in Ljubljana leads to increased Sava discharge in Zagreb. Correlation between precipitation and discharge is linear, therefore we have linear correlation. Calculated correlation coefficient is 0.81. Sava river discharge in Zagreb has been recorded since 1926, but due to the break between 1996 and 1998, the existing data from the following few years after the break were not used. There has been a downward trend of Sava discharge in Zagreb since 1926. However, there is a distinct difference between the older period (1926-1959) and the recent one (1960-1995). In the older period there is a big variability of Sava discharge. Three-year shifting arithmetic means also prove it. The recent period is characterized by a decrease of difference in mean annual Sava discharge. Distinct trend in discharge decrease is also very important. Linear trend shows that „linear" annual discharge between 1960 and 1995 decreased by 118.85 m3s-1. That is undoubtedly alarming information.

Key words: precipitation, discharge, Sava River, Zagreb, climate

2010-199 EXTRAORDINARY RAINFALLS AUTUMN 2008 IN ROME
Franca Mangianti De Angelis
CRA-CMA, Roma, Italy

Abstract:
In autumn 2008 in Rome, as in large areas of Italian territory, have been recorded unusual precipitations that in some cases have been extraordinary . In the considered period the events occurred have been recorded strong intensity and short duration. These characters of persistent precipitations caused human being losses, and flood in the main and secondary reticulum of the river basin of Tevere. In this paper pluviometric data of about forty stations located ,in homogenous way, in the roman area have been studied. These data have been compared with the historical reference series of the Observatory Roma Collegio Romano .The quarter year under investigation is the fourth most rainy one of complete series (from 1782), while the December month results the third most rainy one, in the same period. Have been studied, moreover, the precipitations hourly scansions and the sequences of more one day precipitations. This analysis has showed repeating events of down- pour, that interested as limited areas of territory, the western part of town (17 events of 13 October and November), as large areas of the town (28 event of October), where the critical threshold has been exceeded in twelve stations. The pluviometric data of 11 December recorded is the maximum every day precipitation of the entire historical series. The aim of this study is to supply useful information and tools, so that, for future similar events, can be possible to plan actions and operations of maintenance for nets of water-drainage in city area in order to reduce damages and risk of flood.

Abstract

Most countries in European Union are suffering severe water scarcity caused by a negative balance between water resources and water demands. A sustainable management of hydrological resources results totally necessary, as it is established by the European Water Framework Directive (60/2000/EC), which makes compulsory for every water management authority in EU to prepare a river basin management plan by the end of this year 2009.

In order to fulfill these obligations and considering the complexity of water bodies control and the undefined future scenario provided by climate change, there is an imperative demand of the use of integrated management tools and methods, such as computerized models. Thus, integrated Water Resources Management must be faced from a multi-sectorial point of view, involving scientific research, social and economic aspects and administrative proceedings.

2010-440 NEED OF "FRESH" APPROACHES IN SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT
Miodrag Zlatic
Belgrade University, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia

Abstract:
Wise and sustainable use of natural resources is essential for meeting the needs of both present and future generations. The alarming magnitude of ongoing and present natural resource and environmental degradation and its detrimental impacts worldwide suggest that fresh alternative strategies are necessary for addressing natural resources management and environmental problems. The UN Millennium Declaration, the UN Development Goals, the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) and Plan of Implementation and activities of international institutions such as World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWC), European Society for Soil Conservation (ESSC) and others, recognised the maintained integrity and restoration of land resources as a critical factor in achieving economic and ecological sustainability. To meet these challenges, new and innovative approaches are required. This includes close cooperation with governments, civil society and international organisations to ensure a broadly acceptable and efficient implementation, as well as the necessary additional financial, institutional and human resource support. In the paper were presented world's and European view of this theme through the work of WASWC, ongoing WOCAT programme (World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies) and new DPSIR approach. There were also presented Serbian's experiences in this respect.

Key words: land, degradation, sustainability, "fresh" approaches

2010-441 THE METHOD OF ESTIMATION A SMALL RETENTION IN FOREST CATCHMENTS

Antoni Tadeusz Miler
Department of Forest Engineering Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland

Abstract:
The field investigations were carried out in a small forest catchment situated in the area of the Krajeskie Lakeland, in the Lipka Forest District, the Biskupice Forest Range, in Poland. The catchment covers the area of 182ha, 95% is covered by forests and 5% by arable land and meadows. The field measurements comprised a continuous recording of the course water levels at the Thompsons overflow and weekly measurements of groundwater levels in ten wells. Construction development was introduced on the area of the watercourse during the conducted research: six damming devices (installations) constant weirs-were constructed there. The annual outflow coefficient from the catchment in focus equals to 0.330. It confirms the necessity of developing the discussed watercourse in order to create the so-called small retention. However, no significant influence was found of the development on the water balance components of the catchment. The influence of the watercourse bank development can be clearly described conducting an analysis of direct runoffs. 14 recorded high water waves were subject to analysis, 6 prior to the development and 8 following it. Each of the waves was described applying Nashs conceptual model. A constant number of 2 reservoirs in a cascade was assumed. Means of time-constants for high water waves after the development were higher by approx. 50% than for the waves prior to the construction. Resulting from it a hypothesis can be constructed here stating that the time of runoff water deposition in the catchment as a result of the weirs development was significantly prolonged. It can be thus assumed that systems of small and basic weirs should be applied in forest small retention programmes.

Key words: forest catchments, small retention, runoff modelling

2010-444 MODELING LEACHATE CONTAMINATION OF A WETLAND AND GROUNDWATER
Mohan S.
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India

Abstract:
Solid municipal waste is one of the most pressing forms of pollution that society has created. The most prevalent form of disposal of solid waste in developing countries is the open dumping of wastes on the land, mostly the low lying lands. Unfortunately, these open dumping of solid wastes are not an ideal solution to the disposal problem of solid waste. The leachate can contaminate groundwater resources in the immediate vicinity of the dumpsite through the overland flow on the nearby water bodies or the underlying groundwater by diffusive transport or direct infiltration through the underlying soil strata. Leachate contamination of a wetland and subsequently an aquifer from an open dumping site was simulated using a groundwater flow and transport model. The model calibration was performed by spatially adjusting the hydraulic conductivity in order to capture the measured hydraulic head spatial variation and then by adjusting the dispersivity and porosity match the measured chloride plume. Based on the simulations it was found that without remedial action the contaminants in the existing leachate plume would remain above acceptable regulatory concentration levels for longer than 2020. The chloride, lead and other pollutants loading of an adjacent wetland exceed acceptable levels. Simulations indicate that a pump-and-treat system using purge wells could remediate the leachate contamination in the wetland within approximately 10 years from now.

Key words: chloride and heavy metal loading, wetland Pollution modeling, Groundwater, leachate contamination, remediation

2010-043 TURKEY SURFACE WATER POTENTIAL AND ITS CHANGE IN TIME
Mehmet Yildiz
Electrical Power Resources, Ankara, Turkey

Abstract:
Water which is in brisk demand for drinking, watering, energy and the other requirements gains in importance in Turkey day by day. Questions about the existence of water which is rised in value and its changes in the period of time are placed on the  agenda importantly. This study which intends to answer these questions, surveys the position of surface water trend and its changes in the period of time. In this study, data of daily mean, annual mean and maximum, minumun trend belonging to 130 of river observation stations in the 25 basins in Turkey are used.  When the changes in the trends according to distribution over the regions are examined with the available water potential, trends of rivers in Marmara, Ege, Ic Anadolu,(including Sakarya basin)and Akdeniz regions, have a change. This change observed in the trend is in the position of decreasing generally except same stations. As a conclusion, in the last 39-73 years, it is obvious that there is a decreasing trend in surface water in the west, middle and South regions. In contrast, surface water in the other regions increases in the period of time.

Key words: Water Potential, River Basin, Trend, drought, Dry and Wet Period

2010-003 AN APPROACH TO MODELING NUTRIENT/FOOD-CHAIN INTERACTIONS WITH APPLICATION TO LAKE SHKODRA
Spiro Grazhdani 1, Adriana Zyfi 1
1 Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania

Abstract:

This research presents an approach to modeling nutrient/food-chain interactions, which gives a general picture of the eutrophication level for Lake Shkodra and shows general trends of the trophic state of this aquatic ecosystem. Man – made eutrophication, in absence of control measures, provides much faster than the natural phenomenon and is the major reason for pollution of Lake Shkodra. The model presented provides information on temporal resolution of eutrophication effects that is extremely useful to water quality managers. This study also provides a means to identify nutrient and light limitation, which is a critical step in controlling eutrophication. The specific nature of the lake has been taken account and embodied in the model. The results taken are encouraging.

Key words: nutrient/food-chain, eutrophication, algae, phytoplankton, zooplankton, non -living organic carbon