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2010-003 AN APPROACH TO MODELING NUTRIENT/FOOD-CHAIN INTERACTIONS WITH APPLICATION TO LAKE SHKODRA
Abstract: This research presents an approach to modeling nutrient/food-chain interactions, which gives a general picture of the eutrophication level for Lake Shkodra and shows general trends of the trophic state of this aquatic ecosystem. Man – made eutrophication, in absence of control measures, provides much faster than the natural phenomenon and is the major reason for pollution of Lake Shkodra. The model presented provides information on temporal resolution of eutrophication effects that is extremely useful to water quality managers. This study also provides a means to identify nutrient and light limitation, which is a critical step in controlling eutrophication. The specific nature of the lake has been taken account and embodied in the model. The results taken are encouraging. Key words: nutrient/food-chain, eutrophication, algae, phytoplankton, zooplankton, non -living organic carbon |
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2010-040 CURRENT STATUS OF TOURISM AND ITS OPPORTUNITIES FOR ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRESPA LAKES REGION Dorina Grazhdani Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: The aim of the present study is to provide information on the current situation of the tourism on the Albanian side of the lakes Macro and Micro Prespa, along with the existing practices and regulations, and to offer views from an Albanian perspective that will help resolve some of the current difficulties. The Lakes Prespa region is situated in the Balkan Peninsula and is shared among the three neighbouring countries Albania, FYR Macedonia and Greece. The Prespa region hosts unique habitats that are important from both European and global conservation perspective, and populations of numerous rare, relict, endemic, endangered or threatened species. It is also remarkable for its cultural values, including Byzantine monuments and examples of traditional architecture. However, unsustainable agricultural, fisheries, water and forest management practices as well as unsustainable use of non-timber forest products is causing stresses on the ecosystem health of the Prespa Basin. Prespa region is considered one of the most important areas regarding the potential for tourism. However, this potential is unexploited due to the generally unfavourable economic situation and the lack of basic tourist infrastructure. Tourism in the lakes area is small-scale rural and family tourism, based on a few small hotels, private accommodation and restaurants. Domestic guests dominate the Prespa tourism market, with less than five percent of foreign tourists. In general, the quality of the lake water appears to be within the acceptable limits. The future of the tourist development in the area is sustainable ecotourism which should keep a balance among the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development in order to guarantee long-term benefits to the recipient communities. Key words: Lakes Prespa, ecotourism, pollution, water quality, wastewater |
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2010-013 EVAPORATION AND ITS EVALUATION ON THE ALBANIAN TERRITORY Aferdita Laska (Merkoci) 1, Miriam Ndini (Bogdani) 1, Mirela Ndrita 1 1 Institut for Energy, Water and Environment (INEUM), Albania Abstract: Many particular studies are made in Albania to evaluate the evapotraspiration. This paper is an attempt to present a general evaluation of the evapotranspiration in Albanian territory, including the evapotranspiration regionalization. Evaluation and computing of evaporation, it's a principal and very complicated problem because of natural specific conditions of Albanian territory (mountainous regions, lake system present, Mediterranean climate, etc.) It is evaluated using multi-annual archival information of the Hydrometeorological Institute.(now INEUM) Evaporation is evaluated by computing its principal components, such as: potential evapotranspitarion – Ep, real evapotranspiration – ER, evaporation deficit – ΔE, pluviometric deficit – Δx, and water flow deficit – Z0. Evapotranspiration evaluation in the Albanian territory is calculated by different ways, such as: 1) water balance method; 2) direct observed method, and 3) indirect calculating method using empiric formulas. Division scheme of Albanian territory in homogeneous regions based on evaluation and determination of the natural factors that influence on evapotranspiration process is presented in this paper. Analyzing and dividing the Albanian territory, in homogeneous, region is accepted as the smallest tacsionometric unit. As the result of the specific physicogeographical conditions of Albanian territory, the principal nature factors that influence on the ecotranspiration processes are: a) climate regime and b) morphometric conditions of the territory. Evapotranspiration and territory altitude dependence subdues the vertical zonal law, having e typical regional character. Using these dependences, the evapotranspiration maps are made for the Albanian territory. Key words: Potential evapotranspiration, real evapotranspiration |
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2010-014 ESTIMATING REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION USING TWO DIFFERENT MODELS OF PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD FOR CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF ALBANIA S. Grazhdani 1, A. Ahmeti 1 1 Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania Abstract: In this study two different models of Penman-Monteith method are used to estimate grass-reference evapotranspiration (ET0) over a range of climate at six locations based on hourly and 24 h weather data: FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (FAO56-PM) and standardized ASCE Penman-Monteith (ASCE-PM). Hourly ET0 computations were summed over 24 h periods and reported as sum-of-hourly. The sum-of-hourly ASCE–PM ET0 values (ET0,h,ASCE) were compared with the 24 h timestep ASCE-PM ET0 values and with the sum-of-hourly FA056-PM (respectively ET0,d,ASCE, ET0,h,FAO56). The ET0,h,ASCE values were used as the basis for comparison. The values ET0,h,FAO56 correlated well with values ET0,d,ASCE (r2≥ 0.994), but estimated lower than ET0,h, ASCE at all location by 4% to 9 %. This was due to the impact of higher surface resistance during daytime periods. Summing the ET0 values over multiple days and longer periods for peak ET0 months resulted in inconsistent differences between the two timesteps. The results suggest a potential improvement in accuracy when using the standardized ASCE-PM procedure applied hourly rather than daily. The hourly application helps to account for abrupt changes in atmospheric conditions on ET0 estimation in advective and other environments when hourly climate data are available. Keywords: Albania, climate, evapotranspiration, Penman-Monteith. |
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2010-015 HOW TO PLAN A SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY MANAGEMENT WHEN ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS CONFLICT WITH EXISTING PRACTICES IN NATIONAL PRESPA PARK Dorina Grazhdani Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania Abstract: Concerns over the relationship between environmental protection, prevention of loss of biodiversity and protection of habitats and of internationally important species of flora and fauna on the one hand and sustainable economic activities and recreation in a protected area on the other can all be dealt with effectively by appropriate regulatory and policy measures, particularly with the support of local actions that strive to preserve local biotopes and conditions. The aim of the present paper is to provide information on the current situation of the forestry on the Albanian side of the lakes Macro and Micro Prespa, along with the existing practices and regulations, and to offer views from an Albanian perspective that will help resolve some of the current difficulties. Forestry is one of the main economic activities in the area. Forest areas in Prespa mainly consist of oak forests (63%) and beech stands (15%). Lack of alternative heating resources set a high pressure on forests that are used for firewood production for communities living within and in some areas around the Prespa Park. In addition, fodder production and forest grazing are damaging the forests area. Some forest areas (3,721 ha) are transferred to communal use and are managed by the Forest Users Association of Liqenas. In the last three years several improvement interventions (coppicing, fencing, thinning) are realized with the support of World Bank, WFP and other donors. There is a need for a general forest management plan and improvement interventions in the area. The forestry policies and practices applied in Albania over the last fifty years have negatively affected the region's biodiversity in general and its forest species in particular. It is very important for the future of the species found in the Prespa region, as well as for the communities that depend upon them, to strive, through best practices, analysis of policy and positive actions of trans-boundary cooperation, to improve the current situation. Some remedies are presented in the present paper. Key words: Forestry, environment, biodiversity, pasture, firewood |
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2010-126 ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS ACCUMULATION BY DIFFERENT SPONTANEOUS PLANT SPECIES GROWN ALONG LANA RIVER, ALBANIA
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2010-047 SOME NEW DATA IN FLORA OF LALZI BAY
Abstract:
Key words: Aluvional forest, Germoplasm, Psamofil vegetation, Phenophase
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2010-048 DETECTING TRENDS IN DRINI RIVER BASIN Abstract: Key words: flood, water regime, peak over treshold
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2010-050 METEOROLOGICAL EXTREME EVENTS AND THEIR EVALUATION BASED ON CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO Liri Mucaj 1, Vangjel Mustaqi 1, Eglantina Bruci 2 1 Institute for Energy, Water and Environment, Albania 2 Climate Change Program/UNIT, UNDP Tirana, Albania Abstract: Extreme meteorological events are present in the downstream of Drini River. Regarding to the climate change scenario for Albania which leads to an increase of these extreme meteorological elements, review existing information is evaluated. Trend of occurrence of meteorological hazardous for the time horizons 2025, 2050, and 2100 are evaluated based on climate change scenario for Albania. Taking into account the increase of temperature, suggested from scenario, a decrease of number of frozen day <-5°C will occur. (Less than one day/year).An increase of about 10 day/year with the temperature >35°C by 2100 time horizons is expecting. Another extreme event is droughts. They have dramatically increased in the number and intensity in some parts of Balkan Region. Also an increase of the consecutive number of no rainy days is expected. Thus, the SPI index for Albania is calculated in the frame of the project Drought Management Centre for Southeaster Europe (DMCSEE) financed by European Union through South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme. The impact of the meteorological hazardous in some of the key economic sectors is estimated too. Key words: extreme meteorological elements (heavy rain, extreme temperature, drought, strong wind,), climate change scenario, impact in some of the key economic sectors |
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2010-052 THE STUDY OF FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN THE LAKE OHRID ECOSYSTEM
Key words: vegetation, lake, mountain, ecosystem |
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2010-054 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON ALBANIA: METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF OHRID BASIN
Key words: climatic index, meteorological data, climate change, ohrid basin
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2010-056 IMPLEMENTATION OF URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT DIRECTIVE IN ALBANIA Narin Panariti 1, Paolo Bacca 1, Norman Sheridan1, Jonathan Pearse 1 1 CARDS INPAEL Project, Albania Abstract: The Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive concerns the collection, treatment and discharge of urban wastewater, but also of wastewater from certain industrial sectors. Albania needs to make due efforts for the proper approximation of this Directive. This paper presents the results of the first study on this issue, completed in early 2009 by CARDS INPAEL project team: current gaps, challenges and recommendations, measures to be taken and costs to be afforded in order to achieve full approximation of this Directive in Albania in the way of country's accession to the EU. A preliminary investment plan is drafted for the 15-20 years to come. Estimates have been made for 196 agglomerations along the 6 river basins of the country, representing a total wastewater load of 2,981,700 p.e. As water bodies sensitive to eutrophication have not yet been identified in Albania, it is assumed that all surface water bodies will be designated as 'sensitive areas'. Different treatment methods have been considered according to the agglomeration size: for small agglomerations - pond systems and constructed wetlands, which may result in a significant reduction of construction and operational costs; for agglomerations of 2,000 - 10,000 p.e. - conventional treatment; for those larger than 10,000 p.e. - advanced treatment with higher removal efficiency for Nitrogen and Phosphorus. The preliminary investment costs on the above assumptions are estimated to be about €2.4 billion, of which €0.9 billion will go for the Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants and €1.5 billion for the collection treatments. Operating costs build up ultimately to €52 million per year in the 19th year of implementation, when full compliance is expected. The overwhelming majority of costs will be the responsibility of the municipalities. Not necessarily these costs will be met through their own resources. Users of the sanitation services will contribute through Support can be obtained also in the form of grants and soft loans from the EU, IFIs and other bilateral and multilateral aid providers. Methods used comprise documents and legal framework overview, legal gap analysis, discussion with main stakeholders, identification of necessary implementation measures and their cost assessment. Key words: Wastewater, load, treatment, agglomerations. |
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2010-057 DIATOM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) FLORA OF KARAVASTA LAGOON Abstract: Key words: diatoms, diversity, salinity, Karavasta lagoon |
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2010-076 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN SEDIMENTS OF NORTH ALBANIA (SHKODRA LAKE, BUNA RIVER, VELIPOJA-ADRIATIK SEA)
Abstract: Data reported here are parts of a study to determine the concentration and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of Velipoja (Adriatic Sea), Buna River to Shkodra Lake. Sediments were sampled in May 2009. PCBs and other chlorinated pollutants, particularly the highly chlorinated ones, have been known to persist in soils, water, sediments and biota for long periods of time. The deposition of particle-bound PCBs from the atmosphere and the sedimentation of them from water are largely responsible for their accumulation in sediments and soils. Ultrasonic extraction was used for extracting polychlorinated biphenyls from sediment samples. Clean-up procedure for sediment samples was performing using metallic mercury following an open florisil column. Analysis of PCBs was based on the determination of the seven PCB markers (IUPAC Nr. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) measured by gas chromatography electron capture detection. Results of surveillance on polychlorinated biphenyls markers was in levels comparable within sediments of these three water resources, because their same origin.
Key words: Adriatic Sea, Shkodra Lake, PCBs, Buna River, Gas Chromatography |
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2010-077 THE WATER QUALITY OF SHKUMBNI RIVER ALBANIA BASED ON THE DIVERSITY OF MACRO-INVERTEBRATES Abstract: Key words: Shkumbini River, Water quality, macro invertebrates, biotic index, bio-indicator
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2010-088 THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON THE BIODIVERSITY OF AQUATIC INSECTS, ODONATA, FROM AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS OF KARAVASTA AND SPILLEA IN ALBANIA Abstract: Key words: Odonata, domination, aquatic insect |
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2010-090 COORDINATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF PRESPA LAKES AT TRANSBOUNDARY.LEVEL, ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE Agim Selenica Polytechnic University of Tirana, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Albania Abstract: The Prespa Lakes suffer from serious deterioration of their habitats, the Macro Prespa Lake has shrunk, the Micro Prespa has been silted and the use of the water is extensive. Close co-operation between the countries sharing the Lakes is a prerequisite for sustainable management of water resources in the region and to ensure the international community's support for their sustainable management. Human activity in the catchment area of the Prespa Lakes covers fishery, tourism, industry, agriculture, forestry, and urbanisation, all of which means disruptive or polluting consequences for the Prespa Lakes. From past to present the handling of water resources in the area of the Prespa Lakes was and still is mostly driven by actual day-to-day needs and technical possibilities of each of the riparian parties and countries. A water management that follows the general of European Water Framework Direktive criteria has not yet been established. To date only general objectives and goals for the management of the Prespa water resources have been defined and agreed upon by the three countries. Consequently it might be concluded that the water resources are being exploited rather than managed. Management of transboundary waters is a complex issue, which has to overcome many challenges in order to achieve its environmental objectives. The purpose of transboundary co-operation, however, is not only to preserve international water objects and the unique natural conditions of their environment, but also to secure the interests of all parties as well as the interests of local residents in the border region. To find a common approach to the governance of transboundary waters is further complicated by differing legislation, water management practices, institutional structures, languages and cultures of the bordering countries. Nevertheless, co-operation in managing the quality and quantity of transboundary water bodies also presents an opportunity from which all of the parties involved can benefit. The new European water policy, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) that came into force in 2000 and is based on a river basin approach, addresses the issue of transboundary cooperation not only across the EU member state borders, but also beyond. The Prespa Lakes form a transboundary water body shared by Albania, Greece and Macedonia. By virtue of Greece being an EU country and Macedonia and Albania not being association countries as of yet, the Prespa Lakes form the border between the EU and non-EU, i.e. Albania and Macedonia. Being the largest international water body on the Balkans, the Prespa Lakes are very important for the region. So far no agreements have been formulated between the three countries regarding the specific requirements of water management of the Prespa Lakes, nor has a Joint Transboundary Water Commission responsible for the preparation of such an agreement been established. However, a Tripartite Agreement on the Protection and the Sustainable Development of the Prespa Park Area is being prepared, which partly addresses water management issues. In view of the legal and geographic situation, it is suggested that the future water management of the transboundary Prespa basin be set up in the spirit of, and according to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union. In addition, water management should follow the "Dublin Principles" and other conventions relevant for the area. It is suggested that the national Governments of Albania, Greece and Macedonia establish a "Transboundary Prespa Water Commission" (TPWC). This body should represent the interests of the three countries as well as those of the local communities and of the relevant NGOs of the Prespa Catchment. At the beginning, the TPWC should be responsible for the formulation of a basic agreement on water management of the Prespa Lakes. After acceptance of the agreement, TPWC could become the tripartite body that would be responsible for coordination, control and supervision of the implementation and execution of the water management plan. To fully comply with these requirements, the TPWC should be set up as a body with strong water resources competence to cooperate with and to direct the national territorial authorities with respect to water-related issues. The elaboration of a water management plan requires the definition of respective objectives and practical principles that can also be understood as work steps or guidelines. To assist and accelerate the necessary debate, 19 practical principles for a Transboundary Prespa Water Management Plan are proposed. Key words: water resources management,european water directive,transboundary co-operation, Dublin Principles |
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2010-093 BIODIVERSITY IN METAL RICH SOIL Aida Bani 1,3, Fadil Thomai 2, Eugen Skura 1, Guillaume Echevarria 3, Sulejman Sulce 1, Jean Louis Morel 3 1 Agro-Environmental Department, Agricultural University of Tirana, Kamez, Albania 2 Department of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Tirana, Kamez, Albania 3 Laboratoire Sols et Environnment, Nancy-University, INRA Abstract: Metal-rich soils and mainly ultramafic soils (i.e. serpentine soils) are widespread over the Balkans and cover 10% of the area of Albania. These soils contain high concentrations of heavy metals, low concentrations of N, P, K and the Mg/Ca ratio is high (Proctor, 1999). Plants growing on serpentine soils often accumulate metallic elements, resulting in elevated tissue metal concentrations, relative to plants on normal soils. These species, termed hyperaccumulators (Brooks, 1987). We evaluated the plant biodiversity in mineralized soils across the country in order to select tolerant and hyperaccumulating species. We also investigated the locations of accumulated metals by Alyssum murale. Collection of both plant (analysis of element contents in aerial parts) and soil (analysis of total elements and DTPA-extractable Ni) samples allowed for the evaluation of the phenotypic and possibly genetic efficacy in hyperaccumulating Ni. The soils had an extreme chemical nature, with abnormally high concentrations of Ni (3200 mg kg-1), Cr (1600 mg kg-1) and Co (200 mg kg-1). The highest Ni content were found in A. murale in Pojska (Pogradec) (1.33 %), A. markgrafii in Gjegjan (1.23 %) where DTPA extractable Ni was respectively 117 and 65.6 mg kg-1 and Bornmuellera baldacii in Gramsh (1.22 %). The results showed that Ni accumulation occurred in the base of trichomes (leaves), phloem (shoot), embryo and endosperm (fruit), petals (flower) in A. murale. We have identified a new member of the Albanian Ni-hyperaccumulator flora: Thlaspi ochroleucum in Pojska (0.13 % Ni) and in Pishkash (0.14 % Ni) for which DTPA extractable Ni was high 285 -94.5 mg kg-1. Such results obtained by this approach suggest the use of A. markgrafi and A. murale (the most efficient Ni-hyperaccumulator among the four species) for bioremediation and habitat restoration. Key words: Heavy metals, serpentine soil, Ni bioavailability, bioaccumulation, nickel |
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2010-100 REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY OF DALMATIAN PELICAN (PELECANUS CRISPUS) IN THE DIVJAKA-KARAVASTA NATIONAL PARK Anni Kallfa 1, Taulant Bino 2 1 University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Albania 2 Deputy Minister, Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Water Administration, Albania Abstract: The Divjaka-Karavasta wetlands are coastal lagoons, included in the Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance, fulfilling no less than 6 Ramsar criteria, especially regarding total wintering water birds and individual species. The Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus population, an internationally endangered species, has been encountered in Albania since the beginning of the last century. Although the pelican is included in the national list of strictly protected species, currently it is still under threat. Its population was reduced from 200-250 breeding pairs in 1980's down to no more than 30 breeding pairs currently. Different factors have contributed to this species being at risk. The factors analyzed in detail in this presentation are: Impact of the population of fish species the pelican feeds on; impact of erosion and hydrological changes of the ecosystem and habitat degradation (transformation of coastal line and loss of breeding islands) on the pelican breeding pairs. The Divjaka-Karavasta ecosystem has undergone different management strategies aiming at different components over a 40-year period: increase of fish population, protection of Divjaka forest, A management strategy, focused on the pelican population as a flag species of this ecosystem, is proposed at the end. Data on the number of breeding pairs has been collected through frequent site visits from mid-april to mid-june, visiting the inner lagoon islands, beaches, dunes and shrubs. Data has also been received from the monitoring reports of the Government of Albania and other studies. Key words: Dalmatian pelican, wetland, lagoon, Divjake-Karavasta, population |
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2010-101 CLIMATE CHANGE INFLUENCE ON RIVER RUN-OFF AND HYDRO POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE Bredo Erichsen 1, Tom Andersen 2, Bjorn Wold 2 1 Statkraft Albania, Albania 2 Statkraft, Norway Abstract: The Norwegian energy company Statkraft has launched activities in South East Europe with the aim of defining feasible projects for developing the water power resources in the region. Until now the first project is approved by the government of Albania. Designing and operation of hydro power plants (HPP) has many challenging aspects. During the design phase optimization of the installed capacity must be in accordance with the inflow. During the operational phase the production has to be optimized from the forecasted input of water resources to the system and from the predicted electricity demand in the marked. The main commodity to a hydro power plant is always the inflow. Recent climate change studies have shown that the rainfall in South Eastern Europe (SEE) is likely to decrease in the future while the temperature will increase. In this paper we want to present the preliminary results of the work we have done to study the effects of climatic changes on the runoff in some selected rivers in SEE, and to discuss the consequences this effect will have on energy production in the region. In order to calculate the effects on runoff we have applied a hydrological model (HBV) using precipitation, temperature and climate scenarios as input, and the output from the model simulations is time series of runoff and evapotranspiration. We will also discuss briefly how a possible reduced inflow may influence on the hydro power production and the price of electricity in the region. The project is collaboration between Statkraft, hydro-meteorological institutions in SEE and research institutes in Norway. Key words: Hydrology, climate change, hydro power |
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2010-108 EVALUATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER SITUATION FROM 2004 TO 2008 IN SHKUMBIN RIVER, ALBANIA Mirela Lika (Cekani) 1, Erida Neljaj 2, Valbona Gjoni 2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tirana, Albania 2 Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania Abstract: The samplings of river water are taken from some locations and these samples are examined in laboratory for determination of two micro organisms indicators excrements pollution Faecal coliform (FC) (ISO 9803) and Faecal coliform, probably (Streptococcus faecal FS) with Filtrate Membrane Method's in specific areas (ISO 7899-2). The results and monitored results discussion are carried out by the WHO/UNEP recommendations (Interim Criteria 1985). Some significant contaminating indicators, namely, total coli form, Fecal coliform, pathogenic parasites have been identified and measured along with the related usual parameters, namely, dissolved oxygen (ppm), pH, temperature (oC), total dissolved solids (ppm), etc. Key words: evaluation, microbiological pollution, river water, E. coli, etc. |
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2010-109 DETERMINATION OF THE WELLS MICROFLORA ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIC METHOD OF MPN AND FILTRATION METHOD MF Mirela Lika (Cekani) 1, Adela Kullaj 1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: The water is one of the most important products in the people life. The water is important for people in order to release their activities and especially for drinking. Safe fresh water access is the most important problem in the protection of public health. The microorganisms of natural waters are extremely diverse. Environmental problems in lakes, rivers and coastal waters are often a result of human pollution of nutrients or toxic substances. The numbers and types of bacteria present will depend on the amounts of organic matter present, the presence of toxic substances, its saline content, and environmental factors such as pH, temperature, and aeration. Open water in the center of large bodies of water, free of floating debris, will have small numbers of bacteria. Many species of atrophic types are present, however, that require only the dissolved inorganic salts and minerals that are present. The Escherichia coli, Streprococcus faecal and other coliform bacteria were analyzed according to ISO 1988 and ISO 2000. Most probable number (MPN) method was employed for quantitative analysis. Additionally, membrane filtration method (MF), (incubation temperature 37oC and 44oC for 48 hours) was used (AWWA 1992). Results obtained up to now show fluctuations of concentrations of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecal and other coliform bacteria in different sampling points. Key words: bacteriological examination, water quality indicators, pathogens, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecal |
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2010-114 VALUATION OF HYGIENIC SECURITY AT THE PACKAGED WATER DURING A PERIOD OF ONE YEAR (2006) Abstract: Key words: Packaged water, E. Coli, contamination, HACCP |
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2010-115 SPHERULITES AND THEIR ROLE TO THE ENVIRONMENT Abstract: Key words: Spherulite, environment, morphology, etc. |
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2010-124 ESTIMATION OF THE NON IONISING RADIATION LEVEL IN THE VICINITY OF FM TRANSMITTERS, UHF TELEVISION TRANSMITTERS, GSM ANTENNAS AND WIMAX ANTENNAS Abstract: Key words: Antenna, Radiation, Transmitter,FM, UHF, GSM, WiMAX |
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2010-125 ANALYSE AND EVALUATION OF SAR AND INFLUENCE OF METALLIC OBJECTS IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD NEARBY THE MOBILE STATION DEVICE Abstract: Key words: Specific absorption rate (SAR), near-field, finite difference time-domain (FDTD), personal data assistant (PDA), metallic jewelry |
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2010-156 GEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ECOSYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL ZONES 2 Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania
Key words: environmental analyses, emission inventory, heavy metals |
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2010-091 INFLUENCE OF UV RADIATION ON SRG EXTRA FLUORESCENCE IN WATER SAMPLES Abstract: Key words: Spectral Determination, Uranine, Fluorescence Intensity (IF), synchronous scan, artificial tracer |
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2010-194 THE TENDENCY ON THE INCREASE OF THE COLIFORM POLLUTION LEVEL IN BELSHI AND MERHOJA LAKES AS AN EXPRESSION OF A CONTINUOUS NEGATIVE IMPACT HUMAN ACTIVITY ON THEM Sotir Mali 1, Liljana Bekteshi 1, Margarita Hysko 2, Naxhie Hila 1 1 University "Aleksander Xhuvani" Faculty of Natural Sciences, Elbasan, Albania 2 University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tirana, Albania Abstract: The Dumre-Darsia plateau is situated in central part of Albania, with a total surface of 420 km2. This is a very important area from the biological and economical point of view. The Dumre-Darsia plateau is about 20 km on the south west side of Elbasan city. Among 94 carstic lakes which are in Albania, 80 of them are situated in Dumre-Darsia plateau with a total surface of 770 hectares. These lakes are very important water bodies from the hydrological and ecosystem point of view. The number of the inhabitants in the areas surrounding the lakes is increased in these two last decades, followed by the increase of the number of buildings, restaurants and coffee-bars. These processes are followed by the damages of the vegetation around the lakes, the discharge of sewage water, and many different kinds of organic and inorganic remains into the lakes. Because of the use of them for fishing, swimming, and irrigation they are also very important in the economical development of Belshi town and villages around it. Many studies are carried out about the bacteriological and physic-chemical parameters in some of these lakes. The purpose of this paper is to present some new bacteriological and physic-chemical data measured in Belshi and Merhoja Lakes during the year 2009. Also the comparison of these data with those taken in four last years is object of this study. The data show a very high level of the fecal pollution as a main cause of the biological pollution in Belshi Lake. The comparison of the coliform pollution levels in both lakes and with those taken before, clearly shows the negative impact of human activity in the ecosystem lakes in this area and a tendency on the increase of the level of this kind of pollution. Key words: Dumre-Darsia plateau, Belshi Lake, Merhoja Lake, water quality, littoral, oligotrophic, coliform bacteria, coliform pollution, wastewater, fecal pollution, heterotrophic bacteria. |
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2010-241 STUDY OF THE INDUSTRIAL YEASTS ISOLATED FROM THE PLANTS AND THE WATERS OF THE COLD ENVIRONMENTS Rozana Troja 1, Nereida Dalanaj 1, Donika Prifti 1, Aleksander Petre 1, Erjon Troja 2 1 Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania 2 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: The microbial biodiversity of the cold and extremely cold environments is the object of the recent microbiological studies, related with the taxonomy of the microorganisms grown in the specific conditions. Through these studies, it is possible to discover new species and genera of the yeasts with industrial importance and also important for the human health. These strains are actually source of the new active chemical compounds as carotene's, antioxidants and others. The paper here presented, is an introduction of a three year taxonomic study, to discover and analyze the industrial yeasts, part of the micro flora of the plants and waters of Dajti Mountain in Tirana. The isolation, purification and identification of the yeasts was realized, using specific taxonomic methods, described in details by Lodder, Kurtzman and Barnet. There were isolated and identified about 200 strains, for example Rhodotorula spp, Aureobazidium pullulans and others which are representatives of a special microbial population of cold and extremely cold areas. Their full taxonomic study was realized having as target the discovery of the important chemical substances, carotene's and others and the enrichment of the Collection of the Industrial Yeasts with the new identified strains. There is also included in the presentation the study of the technological characteristics of the isolated strains, in order to complete their view and to use them for the obtaining of the above chemical compounds. Key words: Yeasts, Rhodotorula sp., Aeureobazidium pullulans, ascomycetes, bazidiomycetes |
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2010-211 THE AUTO PURIFICATION LEVEL OF WATER IN WATERCOURSE OF NERODIME RIVER, KOSOVO Milazim Shabani 1, Dritan Topi 1, Makfire Sadiku 2, Tahir Arbneshi 2 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Kosovo Abstract: Water pollution in our country is an important problem because the wastewaters from inhabited areas are discharged in the nearest rivers without any previous treatment. This occurrence of non-treated wastewater discharges is also true for the Nerodime River, causing a lot of undesirable effects, such as: lack of oxygen, reduction in the pH value, increase of heavy metal complexion capacity, increase of toxicity and hazardous substances accumulated in the food chain, eutrophication of water etc. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the ecological state of water at the Nerodime River. For this purpose within a period of one year we have been carrying out the physicochemical analysis of the water samples taken at the due sample places. The sample places have been chosen in such manner as to follow the change the river water quality at the areas where the human factor has or does not have its impact. The experimental results show that wastewater discharged from the municipality of Ferizaj to the Nerodime River causes a lower pollution during the spring time when the river water flow is higher, compared to summer time, when the water flow of the river is small, and the pollution is also much bigger. The auto purification capability of the river is tightly related of the level pollution. Stemming from this fact the auto purification level of the river is not only tightly related to the chemical properties of the wastewater discharged in watercourse, but also from time of discharge and amount of water in the river flow. Experimental results indicate variable results of auto purification of the river according as its pollution scale and the season of the year. Key words: Nerodime River, water discharged, auto purification capacity, water quality, eutrophication and Kosovo |
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2010-311 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN BALKAN COUNTRIES WITH A CASE STUDY OF ALBANIA: AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE Elona Pojani 1, Matilda Tola 1 1 University of Tirana, Faculty of Economics, Albania Abstract: Climate change is becoming an imminent risk at the global level and countries are increasingly recognizing the need to adopt new and radical measures to reverse its effects. Environmental protection measures are already a crucial component of every new urban development policy under preparation in large and affluent countries, including the United States and the European Union. This paper discusses issues related to environmental protection in the Balkan region, with a focus on the impact of environmental policies on consumption and welfare. The first part of this paper provides a theoretical background of key factors that affect environment policies and reviews the ways in which Balkan countries are responding to environmental challenges. Comparisons with policies adopted in more economically advanced countries are provided. The second part of the paper deals with Albanian environmental problems and challenges to sustainable development, including urban waste management and pollution controls. In addition to a review of the Albanian regulatory framework and policies in the environmental arena, the authors use time series modeling in order to evaluate and compare data of waste and pollution in the last decade. The paper concludes with future recommendations. Key words: environmental economics, environmental policies, climate change, Balkan region, Albania |
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2010-357 EMF MEASUREMENTS IN THE VICINITY OF BTS CELLULAR STATIONS OF VODAFONE ALBANIA Olimpjon Shurdi 1, Bexhet Kamo 1, Algenti Lala 1 1 Faculty of Information Technology, UPT, Albania Abstract: The paper focuses on the field measurement, procedures, narration, and the used equipment. The Vodafone Albania is one of the three mobile operators offering GSM services to the Albanian telecommunication market. The need of having an independent estimation of the EMF, in the nearby of the BTS Stations, drove the Vodafone to refer to the electronic department of the UPT. The presented paper refers to the measurements of only one of 150 measured sites. The methodology, and Equipments used are the same in every site survey. The final report is published in the official website of the UPT, and linked from the website of the Vodafone Albania. Key words: Electric field, magnetic field, Wandel-Goltermann, BTS (base transceivers station). |
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2010-094 URBAN AIR QUALITY IN KORCA CITY AND ITS EFFECT IN POPULATION HEALTH Irena Kallco 1, Ilir Nicko 1 1 University, Albania Abstract: University Korçë Vasilika Petri, Jani Bukuroshi, Directorate of Public Health, Korçë Among the group of factors affecting population health is the quality of air too, to which we have dedicated a seven – year study. This study is conducted to evidence the urban air quality in all variety of cases of the patients having problems with the respiratory and cardiovascular apparatus. The sources of pollution are studied in two main directions and they are exactly the movable source of pollution and the immovable source of pollution. Two methods for taking the samples were used; the active and the passive one. Based on the many-year sample analyses, as well as their treatment it results that: Correlation between the air quality and the mortality in the adults caused by the diseases resulting from problematic environment shows that we have to do with an indicator of environmental health which indicates the effect of long-term air pollution in our city caused by PM in high dose 78µg/mł on one side and the rate of illnesses which is 1, 2 times higher than in the countryside on the other. The study is accompanied by evidence on the urban air quality about the six air polluters (LNP, PM, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb) which nowadays are really very essential in diagnosing of urban air quality evaluation and protection of environment. Key words: Health, air pollution, air quality, environment protection |
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2010-347 INVESTIGATION ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL OF THE PARAMETERS OF LAKE SHKODRA WATER Nevila Bushati 1, Anila Neziri 1, Margarita Hysko2 1 University of Shkodra, Albania 2 University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: The lake Shkodra is situated on the border between Albania and Montenegro (42ş 21` N; 19ş 30` E). The lake water is exposed on anthropogenic pollution which is connected to the sewage, waste outfall, agricultural activity etc. Generally, the water quality depends on its chemical and microbiological condition. The microbiological and physico-chemical analyses are performed in accordance with the European Standard Methods and Standard Method WHO. The parameters were examined for a number of samples from four selected sampling sites at regular intervals during the year 2007. The analyses were carried out in the Laboratory of Microbiological Investigations, University of Shkodra and University of Tirana. The nutrients concentrations were in relatively stable during the monitoring period. The microbiological parameters as Total Coliforms and Faecal Coliforms were higher during the summer time. Both microbiological and physico-chemical parameters were within permitted European Water Quality Standards. Key words: Quality, Monitoring, Lake Water |
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2010-368 HYDROLOGICAL REGIME OF LAKE PRESPA-LAKE OHRI-BLACK DRINI RIVER SYSTEM Niko Pano 1, Ramazan Saraci 1, Alfred Frasheri 1, Evis Taska 2 1 Institute of Water and Energy, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania2 Albanian Association of Inland and Coastal Waters Conservation and Protection, Albania Abstract: Hydrological regime of Lake Prespa-Lake Ohri-Black Drini River System is presented in the paper. Black Drini River catchment area is 5.885 km2 and the average absolute altitude 1.132m. Its hydrographic network gathers the waters of a typical mountainous territory. The objective of study, which results are presented in the paper is analyze and characterize of the hydrological regime of Lake Prespa-Lake Ohri-Black Drini River hydrographic system, that is very complex and includes a wide range of important elements such as natural and artificial lakes, underground waters and springs, numerous branches and rivers. In the study are also include important aspects on catchment area environment, such as hydro morphology, climatology, limnology, hydrogeology, hydro economy, etc. Ecological conditions of this system represent a principal part of the paper. Many particular scientific monographs, studies, presentations in conferences and international project have been performed on Black Drini River hydrographical complex for period 1927-2005. This study, which result are presented in the paper, is an attempt to present a general evaluation of the hydrological regime of this complex. |
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2010-369 PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS LIMNIOLOGICAL REGIME OF SCUTARY LAKE Niko Pano 1, Pandi Stratoberda 2, Alfred Frasheri 3 1 Institute of Water and Energy, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania 2 Albanian Association of Inland and Coastal Water Conservation and Protection, Tirana, Albania 3 Faculty of Geology and Mining, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: Evaluation of the principal elements of Scutary Lake limnological regime in this paper is presented. Scutary Lake is the biggest and the most interesting lake of Balkan hydrographical network. Its catchments area is, and the average altitude. Scutary Lake basin is one of the most complicated natural area, in Europe, as a result of its specific physic-geographical condition: mountainous region, particular land cover with small vegetation and important flysch formation presence, typical Mediterranean climatic regime with intensive precipitation, a hydrogeological with powerful ground water flow, etc. Many different affluent, such as Moraca, Zeta, Ceni, Ziveri, etc discharge into Scutary Lake. The only emissary of this lake is Buna River, 43 km long. In its flow, about 1.5 km away from the lake, this river gathers the plenty water of Drini river and they together discharge into Adriatic Sea. Drini River discharge into Buna riverbed not only obstructs the free discharge of this lake water into the Adriatic Sea, but also it causes opposite direction discharge. In these conditions Buna River, being a typical emissary of Scutary Lake, turns into its affluent. In this conditions, the hydrographic system: "Scutary Lake – Buna River – Drini River is distinguished for its specific very complicated hydraulic nature that determine in reality the nature of the limnological regime of this lake. Many particular hydro-meteorological studies are made for the hydrographical Scutary complex (Pano N. – 1963, 1984, 1995, 1996). This paper is an attempt to evaluate the principal limnological elements of Scutary Lake. The climatic change impact in the water potential processes of the Scutary Lake network is a component part of this paper. Lake level, water temperature, water physico-chemical characteristics, etc. are principal elements of the limnological regime are considered in this paper. Key words: Scutary Lake, limniological regime |
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2010-370 IMPACT OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE IN ALBANIAN ADRIATIC LITTORAL Alfred Frasheri 1, Niko Pano 1, Fatos Hoxha 2 1 Faculty of Geology and Mining, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania 2 Institute of Water ena, Albania Abstract: The general cascade impact of the climate change on Albanian Adriatic Littoral: decreasing country water resources, influence on the hydrographic regime of Adriatic Sea and on ecosystems are presented in the paper. The study is based on the results of inversion of 6 thermologs data for the ground surface temperature history in Albania, and climate change according to the multi annual meteorological data from different regions of Albania. The wells and the meteorological stations are located in Sedimentary Basin of Albania, at the field region in the west of Central Albania and in the ophiolitic belt in the mountainous region of the northeast Albania. Based on inversion data at coastal plane western region of Albania, GST history presents a gradual cooling before a middle of the 19th century, followed by 0.6 K warming. Climate warming of 0.6 K in the 20th century is observed also in mountainous northwestern Albania. This warming mainly after the second half of the 20th century is presented also by meteorological data: temperature, rainfall, and wind regimes. There are estimated continental water flow, created by atmospheric rainfalls. Impact on processes of the forming and circulation of the Adriatic Sea water mass has been analyzed by particularly attention, for wet and dry years are analyzed. Estimation of run-off discharges is carried out for two categories of river basins: first, for river systems, where run-off discharge is computed as a function of the altitude of water level river section. Second, for the water system of Scutary Lake-Drini River-Buna River, which is very complicated and is the single in Mediterranean Hydrography. The warming impact on country climate, and ecosystems of Albania, thermal stress in the wetlands, lagoons and lakes have presented in the paper. Impact it is observed first of all on the biodiversity. Key words: Climate change, impact |
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2010-371 USING HIGH PLANT SPECIES AS INDICATORS FOR THE ACCUMULATION OF LEAD FROM POLLUTED AIR Julian Shehu 1, Alfred Mullaj 2, Ardian Maci 2, Alma Shehu 2 1 Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania 2 University, Albania Abstract: Environmental contaminants enter the plant cells from air, soil and water. In most phytoremediation technologies a great deal of attention is paid to the cleaning up of soil and water, even though the research for cleaning of contaminated air is not less important. Plants absorb contaminants primarily through their roots and leaves. Contaminants enter leaves as a result of the direct spraying of plants with agrochemicals and by absorption of gaseous contaminants in the air. Lead is a widely used heavy metal and its world production is several million tons annually. The most important anthropogenic sources of lead are processes in metallurgy, metal working, engineering, chemical, petrochemical and the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines using lead-containing petrol. Lead compounds are emitted as solid particles from internal combustion engines together with the exhaust gases. The cultivation of agricultural plants, especially fast growing vegetables near roads is, therefore, not recommended. Twelve plant species were chosen to study the accumulation of lead in two different points of Tirana city, one with very heavy traffic density and the other in an unpolluted area. Determination of lead content in soils in the three stations was evaluated as well. The level of accumulated Pb was higher for Citrus medica L. and Tilia tomentosa Monech plant species, about 0.41mg.kg-1 and 0.38mg.kg-1, respectively. The content of lead in plant species grown in the polluted area resulted to be more than four times of the content in plants grown in the unpolluted area. Almost all plant species of the unpolluted area resulted to accumulate less than 0.05mg.kg-1, even though the content in soil was approximately the same. Key words: lead accumulation, high plant species, air pollution |
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2010-372 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE DREDGING IN PORT AND DURRES CITY Etleva Delia 1, Enkeljda Sallaku 1, Jerina Koliari 2 1 Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania 2 Laboratory Fishing and Aquaculture, Durres, Albania Abstract: Port of Durres is the main Port of Albania. It has an aquarium of 0,67 square kilometers, a general area of 1,2 square kilometers. Dredged material was used to pump it's in the potential deepwater site approximately 7 km from the port entrance. The deep-water site would be far enough removed from Durres to ensure that material does not return to Durres Bay and thus, to entrance channel. The potential for environmental impact resulting from upland depends on the nature of the material and characteristics of the disposal site. As dredged material placed in an upland environment dries, the material oxidizes and becomes lighter in color, accumulations of salt develop on the surface and precipitations tends to dissolve the salts that may then runoff. The oxidation process may promote the release of contaminants in surface water and groundwater and volatilizations of some contaminations may also occur. Fugitive dust may also disperse contaminates. The upland placement of dredging material can potentially affect water quality, groundwater quality, wildlife, plants and human health. Biological sampling was conducted in supported of this dredging Environmental Analysis. 14 biological sampling stations were established and samples taken during March 2002. In the harbor basin, the number of phytoplankton species is significantly lower. The prevailing species are blue and green alga (Cyanophyceae). The existences of Eutptia Lanowii Steur from the group Euglenoficeae in the harbor basin is also attributed to the presence of polluted waters and supports prior observations. Previous studies regarding the production of the Adriatic indicate that the sea is not a highly productive sea, expect for a few small localized zones. The nauplius, copepod its and juvenile stages of Calanoidae are very abundant in the open parts of sea and along coastal areas. Key words: Port of Durres, dredging, environment pollution, phytoplankton species |
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2010-379 EVALUATION OF TROPHIC STATE OF DRINI DELTA LAGOONS Fatbardha Babani 1, Efigjeni Kongjika 1, Arjola Bacu 1 1 University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Albania Abstract: The lagoons of the Drini Delta represent one of the most important ecosystems in Albania. Two lagoons of this wetland system, Kune and Vain, are monitored during a year from March to October. Evaluation of trophic state is based on phytoplankton chlorophyll a, distribution of photosynthetic pigments, turbidity of water and phosphate content in water. The relationship between chlorophyll and nucleic acid content is analysed too. The monitored lagoons can be characterized by different trophic state based on the trophic state classification by Hakanson and Carlson. Trophic level of Kune lagoon is much lower than of Vain lagoon. All selected stations of Kune lagoon represented low trophic level characterized as oligotrophic. Whereas Vain lagoon can be characterized by a very high trophic state evaluated as eutrophic level. Variations on trophic level of the selected stations on each lagoon are observed. The distribution of chlorophyll a and accessory pigments, Chl b and Chl c, as well as the relative chlorophylls content also showed differences between lagoons. The observed differences on the trophic state of selected stations of each lagoon especially their eutrophication can be explain by the communication sea-lagoon, fresh water supply as well as by the pollution near the urban areas. Key words: Chlorophyll a, nucleic acid, phosphate content, photosynthetic pigments, phytoplankton, trophic state |
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2010-267 WATER OF PERMETI AREA (SOUTH ALBANIA) Selfo Oruci University of Gjirokastra, Albania Abstract: Thermal waters in the region of Permeti are located near Bënja village, along the low watercourse of Lengarica River, about 4.5 kilometers from its joint with Vjosa River. In this study we have taken into consideration four thermal sources due to their chemical, physical and variety peculiarities. All bio-ecological data gathered from these habitats is compared to other similar data gathered from different check points along the river situated before and after these thermal sources. The Benja thermal waters are used for curative purposes (esp. medical ones), so changing the eco – hydrology of these sources; transforming them from sources into ponds, which has a great impact over the thermal water regimes and all living organisms including here and amphibians. All the data collected from these sources and check points show that these changes are more visible when they are under the influence of temperature changes and sulfur quantity of the water. In three different sources, the water temperature is higher than the river temperature, whereas in the last one, the temperature is lower. The most distributed genus is Rana genus. We have recorded as the most common species of the thermal waters Rana balcanica, as a species of high ecological valence. Key words: thermal waters, amphibians, Rana balcanica, water eco-hydrology |
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2010-343 PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE PRESENCE OF CYANOBACTERIA SYNECOCCOCUS IN THE LAGOON WATERS OF NORTHWESTERN ALBANIA AND LAKE OF SHKODRA Ariola Bacu 1, Fatbardha Babani 1, Laura Gjyli 2 1 Dept. of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania 2 University Aleksander Moisiu, Durres, Albania Abstract: Cyanobacteria are the main component of small phytoplankton found in marine and freshwater systems. Two common types of them, Prochlorococcus, and Synechococcus are distributed the first in open ocean, where dominates the largest percent of the total photosynthetic biomass, and the second in nutrient rich waters. In the present study molecular tools were used to determine for the first time the presence of cyanobacterial picophytoplankton in the waters of the lagoons of Kune and Vain, and in the Lake of Shkodra, the three located in North Western Albania. The molecular analysis to verify the existence of cyanobacteria Synechococcus was based on the amplification of 16S-23S cyanobacterial ribosomal DNA, which is reported to be successful on the identification of cyanobacteria in different locations in the world. DNA collection and extraction was completed according to John Paul, 2008. PCR was run on Eppendorf Master Cycler machine. Primers used to amplify cyanobacterial rDNA were 16S-1247F and 16S-241R acc to Rocap et al.2002. PCR was run in a 20 ml solution acc to the following program: 94Cş for 4 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94 Cş for 1 min, 52 Cş for 1min, and 72C for 3minutes. Final step was a 10 min stretch at 72 Cş. DNA was checked by a 1% agarose gel. The preliminary results on the presence of this species in the lagoon and lake waters were discussed in the terms of the variable environmental conditions included nutrient content and level of trophy during the period March-October 2009. Key words: cyanobacteria, PCR, ribosomal DNA, level of trophy |
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2010-392 IMAGE COMPRESSION FOR WIRELESS OUTDOOR SENSOR NETWORKS Indrit Enesi 1, Elma Zanaj 1, Bexhet Kamo 1, Vladi Kolici 1, Olimpjon Shurdi 1 1 Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: The recent availability of inexpensive hardware such as CMOS and CCD cameras has enabled the new research field of wireless multimedia sensor networks. This is a network of interconnected devices capable of retrieving multimedia content from the environment. In this type of network the nodes usually have very limited resources in terms of processing power, bandwidth and energy. Efficient coding of the multimedia content is therefore important. In this paper a low-bandwidth wireless camera network is considered. This network is especially designed for use in outdoor sensor networks for environmental monitoring and for applications in agriculture or animal tracking. A new image compression codec suitable for this type of network was developed. The transmission of the compressed image over the wireless sensor network was also considered. Finally a complete system was built to demonstrate the compression for the wireless camera network. The image codec developed make use of both spatial and temporal redundancy in the sequence of images taken from the camera. By using this method a very high compression ratio can be achieved, the compression rate varies depending on the content but is usually between 90% and 99% compared to the previous camera network. Key words: wireless sensor, image compression, FDCT,Entropy Coding |
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2010-404 PRELIMINARY DATA ON MACROZOOBENTHOS FROM THE ALBANIAN PART OF OHRID LAKE Sajmir Beqiraj 1, Lefter Kashta 2, Albert Cupi 1, Dorina Percini 1, Ina Nasto 1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania 2 Museum of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: Existing information on macrozoobenthos from the Albanian part of Ohrid Lake is very scarce. Most of existing data are species lists mainly for mollusks and insects, but there are no previous studies on taxonomy and ecology of the whole macrozoobenthic community. The present paper shows the results of a study on benthic macroinvertebrates from the littoral of the southern and south-western part of the lake (Albania), carried out in 2009. The samples were taken in April, July and October in five stations, according to a transect line in 1m, 5m, 10m, 15m and 20m depth in each station, using an Ekman grab. Collected species belong to Turbellaria, Nematoda, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Ostracoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Decapoda and Insecta. Species composition and abundance show differences between substrate type: mudâ€"sand, gravel and macrovegetation, as well as between different depths. Differences are also evident between sampling seasons, especially among insects, crustaceans and annelids. Some species, especially among gastropods and crustaceans seems to be closely related to the presence of macrovegetation, especially to the Characeae. This study is a first attempt to study the whole macrozoobenthic community in the Albanian part of Ohrid Lake in a taxonomic and ecological approach. These results could be considered as preliminary and the study should continue, in order to provide a more detailed picture of species composition, abundance, population dynamics and ecological characteristics of the macrozoobenthic community from the Albanian part of the lake. Key words: Macrozoobenthos, lake littoral, Ohrid Lake, Albania |
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2010-408 IS DETERMINATED THE FLORA AND VEGETATION OF MIRUSHA (KOSOVO) AND KOLSHI (ALBANIA) FROM THE SERPENTINE SUBSTRATE AND CLIMATE CONDITION? Lulazim Shuka 1, Besnik Hallaci 2 1 University of Tirana, Albania 2 NGO, Albania Abstract: It is knower thatclimatic condition and substrate composition of ecosystems determine and its flora and vegetation. The serpentine substrate are closely linked with high presence of Mg, Ni, and Cr and low values of Ca and nutrients. Both habitats presented in this study are composed from serpentine substrate. The substrate and microclimatic conditions of Mirusha and Kolshi area have influenced and in species diversity and cover vegetation of their natural ecosystems.Similarities are observed in the presence of relict species like Aristolochia merxmuelleri, Euphorbia glabriflora, Forsythia europaea, Genista hasseriana and Halascya sendtnerii and the main plant communities ass. Orno-Quercetum pubescentis and ass. Polygalo-Forsythietum europaea. The differences are observed in the ocurrence of several rare and endemic species. Composition of species group, plant communities and and changes in endemic plants for both ecosystems are description in this paper. Key words: Serpentine substrate, climate condition, plant communities, relict and endemic species |
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2010-412 VIOLA EXIMIA, A GLOBALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES, NEW FOR THE ALBANIAN FLORA Lulazim Shuka 1 1 University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: The genus Viola L, comrises ca. 27 species in the flora of Albania together with two species recorded in the last years. Viola eximia Form. sec. Melanium were registered with endangered status R (rare) from IUCN. It is a local endemic species of the Prespa region, grows so far in south Macedonia and north-central Greece. It is described also for the first time in this paper from the Dry Mountain in the Prespa National Park, within Albanian territory. The habitat of occurrence and its protected status in the new locality is reported also. The new site enlarge its area of distribution and represent a new contribution for the flora of Albania and Prespa Park. Key words: Viola eximia, endangered specie, local endemic, Prespa region, Albania |
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2010-413 A NEW RAPID FIELD TEST KIT TO SCREEN FOR PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING (PSP) TOXINS FROM BIVALVE MOLLUSCS IN ALBANIAN SEASHORE Rigerta Sadikaj 1, Edmond Panariti 2, Dritan Arapi 3 1 University of Tirana Faculty of natural sciences, Albania 2 Agricultural University of Tirana, Faculty of Veterinary, Albania 3 Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Water Administration, Albania Abstract: A new rapid field test kit to screen for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins has been used in the present study. The new test, called MIST Alert™, provides a qualitative (positive/negative) indication of the presence of PSP toxins in less than 20 min. It is designed as a screening method for regulatory labs to eliminate negative samples, thereby leaving a smaller number of positive samples to be tested with more sophisticated and time-consuming quantitative methods. The test is based on easy-to-use lateral flow immuno-chromatographic (LFI) test strips. The sensitivity of the test to several analogues of saxitoxin STX was investigated. The toxin analogues were detectable at concentrations of approximately 200 nM. All toxins were detectable within or close to the regulatory limit of 80 µg saxitoxin dihydrochloride equivalents per 100 g of tissue (1075 nM STX) using the AOAC extraction procedure. Key words: toxisn, aquatic ecosystem,molluscs |
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2010-429 THE MONITORING OF SOME PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL WATER PARAMETERS IN THE RIVER ISHEM AND SHKUMBIN Ariola Devolli 1, Naxhije Hila 2, Nikolin Geaga 2, Ahmed Mohamed 3 1 University Department of Biology and Chemistry, Albania 2 University, Albania 3 University, Egypt Abstract: We have realised in this research the monitoring of superficial water's quality of the river Ishem and Shkumbin. The monitoring is done by analysing some of its physical-chemical parameters. To have a right procedure, according to the standards, we have respected rigorously the sample taking methodology. The best place where samples are taken is there, where waters are better mixed and the movement of water is nearly smoothed. The samples in both rivers are taken by plastic bottles. The conservation of the sample is made according to the tested parameters and the treatment of it is done according to the tested parameters in laboratory conditions. The water control of such rivers and the comparison of chemical parameters with the norms is rather difficult because in our country lack the superficial water norms. We arrive into some conclusions relied on the results acquired by such controls. • In general the values of water temperature have an annual distribution according to the seasons and with the same course with air temperature. • The alkalinity in both rivers is rather high and it differs according to the quantity and the season when the control is done. • The high electricity of both rivers is the result of a continuous urban and industrial liquid discharging. • The water of the river Ishem has bad physical-chemical qualities. • The waters of the river Shkumbin have high presence of NO3 Key words: physical-chemical parametres, water, river, monitoring |
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2010-377 WATER RISKS MANAGEMENT AT THE COASTAL AREA OF LEZHA REGION Narin Panariti 1, Sabri Laci 2 1 CARDS INPAEL Project, Tirana, Albania 2 Department of Geography, Tirana University, Albania Abstract: The coastal area of Lezha Region is located 155.2 km2 North of Shengjini mount, up to the Ishmi river in South and from the national road Tirana – Lezha (East) up to the Adriatik Sea (West). It belongs to 3 communes: Shëngjin, Shënkoll and Fusha Kuqe. It has 16 settlements and 33,614 inhabitants. This geographical location: between Tirana (the capital) and Shkodra (principal centre of North Albania) together with the presence of fertile land and of the sea, the Mediterranean climate and both surface and ground water resources, as well as the rich flora and fauna have encouraged the presence of a dense population and the development of a complex economy, mainly of the primary and tertiary sectors. Due to the lower streams of three relatively big rivers going through the area (Drini i Lezhas up North, Mati in the centre and Ishmi at South) water related risks have always been a threat. Floods from rivers and heavy rains have been common until 1965, when works were carried out for the riverbed management, for marshes reclamation and pumping of superfluous water. After 1990, due to damages to protection infrastructure and drainage systems, the flood risk is present again causing (almost every year) property and environmental damages. Failure to properly manage these risks is mainly caused by lack of funding at the local level. Obviously, the area is in urgent need to solve the problem. Protection infrastructure needs to be rehabilitated along the riverbeds, drainage canals need to be cleaned and deepened, pumping stations need to become operational, etc. This paper provides new information and awareness on the probability and size of the problem, on forms and possibilities for successful management of water risks. Methods used comprise site observation and surveys, documents consultation, measurements, mapping, photographing, analysis and synthesis. Key words: Water, risks, floods, infrastructure.
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2010-426 MICROBIAL AND CHEMICAL WATER POLLUTION OF SHKUMBIN RIVER AT ELBASAN REGION Marsela Allushi 1, Margarita Hysko 2 1 High Schooll "Qemal Stafa", Elbasan, Albania 2 Biology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: There are a lot of rivers in Albania; one of them is Shkumbin River that flows out of Pogradec and Librazhd areas. It runs for 181.4 km in Albania, joining 10 other small rivers; having a high degree of natural character; and it empties into the Adriatic Sea. Shkumbin river water is used by people of Elbasan and countryside for fishing, for swimming and for irrigation of plants. River conservation is threatened by pollution inflows from non modified west water, from farms and industrial activity, making the pollution of this river problematic. We have monitored Heterotrophs, microbial and chemical water pollution of Shkumbin River in Elbasan areas during the 2008 year, according to the standarts that require their examination. We noticed a high water pollution level and calculated the relationship of the physical and chemical parameters with microbial ones,depends this by the flow during the four seasons. Key words: Shkumbin River, Heterotrophs, Total coliforms, Faecal coliforms, chemical pollution |
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2010-290 ENVIRONMNETAL IMPACT OF METAL ORE MINING AT THE TREPCA DEPOSIT, KOSOVA Sabri Avdullahi 1,Isalm Fejza 1 1 University of Prishtina, Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy Abstract: Mining activities impact on environment is old as these activities themselves. In what today is Kosova, base-metal mining has been mainstay of the economy, since pre-Roman times. Modern mining began in the 1930s, when the British Company Selection Trust Ltd revamped the Trepça Complex. In the north part of Kosova is the sulfide deposit Trepça near Mitrovica town, it is the most important mining field in Europe. There are several stages in the mining evolution in what regards human impact on the environment with different intensities and developments. Modern mining is an industry that involves the exploration for and removal of minerals from the earth, economically and with minimum damage to the environment. Mining is important because minerals are major sources of energy as well as minerals such as fertilizers and steel. Mines produce large amounts of waste because the ore is only a small fraction of the total volume of the mined mineral. In the metal industry production of lead and zinc causes the greatest degradation of the environment. The most affected environment component, both in terms of quantity and quality, by metal mining is the water. The paper analysis the heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cu) in the samples taken in the surface waters and samples from the underground water that discharge from the mining in the river Trepça. Key words: mining, environment, heavy metal, river, pollution |
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2010-286 BIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF LAKE SHKODRA BASED ON THE BIOINDICATOR SPECIES OF THE CYANOBACTERIA AND DIATOMS Marash Rakaj 1 1 Department of Bio-chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Shkodra "Luigj Gurakuqi", Albania Abstract: Diatoms species have a narrow optima and tolerances for many environmental variances, which make them exceptionally useful in quantifying environmental characteristics to a high degree of certainty. Regarding to the trophy valences of the bioindicator species of the Lake Shkodra diatoms, the highest number of them belong to oligo-mesotrophic and tolerant groups, which show a good situation of lake for life. Cyanobacteria are distributed in rich organic waters, wetlands and soils. In some shallower localities of the southern part of the Lake Shkodra, some large forms and water blooms filamentous of the cynobacteria species (Merismopedia, Microcystis, Oscillatoria) during summer were observed, but unpleasant odor or the harmful substances of Cyanobacteria during our investigation were not evidenced. During last six years a list of Microalgae of Lake Shkodra was compiled, which included 174 genera with 1069 taxa, 98 of which belong to Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria and 590 to Bacillariophyta. In this paper phytoplankton diversity and biological water quality based on the bioindicator species of the Cyanobacteria and Diatoms for the Lake Shkodra is given. Key words: Phytoplankton, diatoms, cyanobacteria, Lake Shkodra, bioindicator, trophy valences, water blooms. |
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2010-475 USING OF REMOTE SENSING (SATELLITE IMAGES) FOR ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENT SITUATION Neki Frasheri 1, Betim Cico 1, Hakik Paci 2, Jozef Bushati 2 1 Center for R&D on IT Faculty of Information Technology Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania 2 University of Shkodra "Luigj Gurakuqi", Albania Abstract: Remote sensing can be used to evaluate the environmental state of a specific area, as well as the evolution in time of different environmental parameters. First, combination of visible bands gives a view in natural colors of the area. Use of combination of visible and infrared bands gives false colors view of the status of vegetation and water areas. Use of specific combination of bands permits the evaluation of water parameters as content of chlorophyll and of suspended materials; and in suitable conditions even the status of the bottom of water bodies. Comparison of images of different years permits the evaluation of shorelines of water bodies. Repositories of images of medium and medium-high resolution are open for public access in the Internet, as Landsat and MODIS. In previous works we have used remote sensing in environmental studies of Prespa Lakes complex, shoreline of Adriatic Sea, and Shkodra Lake - Buna River |
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2010-430 MICROBIAL WATER POLLUTION OF VJOSA RIVER AND THE VEGETABLE CONTAMINATION BY IRRIGATION Margarita Hysko 1, Blerina Gace 2, Klementina Puto 1 1 Tirana University, Albania 2 High School, Albania Abstract: The Vjosa River is the second longest river in Albania. In Greece, it runs for 80 Km, from Mountains Pindi, in Albania it runs for 192 km, joining some other small rivers and empties into Adriatic Sea. The large area of Vjosa River is very fertile farmland and agriculture activity is present. The mismanagement of nitrogen fertilizer and effluent spreading practices in farming causing significant agriculture water pollution. Non-modified human wastes are discharged into the river causing a high pollution. Another issue is industrial and urban waste dumped on the banks of the river. Is monitored the Vjosa river microbial water pollution at the Permeti Region, and the impact the water has on vegetables by the irrigations. The tests of the faecal indicators is used. For the vegetables is used testing for pathogens as well. The water of this river is sometimes much polluted. The vegetables: tomatoes, lettuce, courgettes, eggplants, capsicum watered by the river are very polluted by the faecal coliforms. The Salmonella test of these vegetables is negative. Key wards: Vjosa, Heterotrophs, coliforms, Salmonella, CFU |
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2010-433 BREWERY'S WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT Ariola Devolli 1, Lauresha Shabani 2, Sotir Mali 2, Naxhije Hila 2 1 University Department of Biology and Chemistry, Albania 2 University, Albania Abstract: The aim of this research is the improvement of water usage efficiency in a brewery and the reduction of waste water pollutants according to the standards. Brewery's waste water may contain organic components coming from the raw materials and a high level of acidity and alkalinity caused by detergents used in the cleaning process. The organic and inorganic contaminants can have unfavorable effects on the environment so that waste water needs to be treated before it is let into the open environment. The brewery's waste water should be monitored continuously, aiming on water efficiency improvement and waste water reduction. Water consumption depends on production so that the water's efficiency is calculated according to production levels. The implementation of cleaning process in the brewery's industry can reduce the pollution but can not eliminate it. The waste water requires appropriate treatment to reduce its pollutants according to the standards set by the government. The brewery's waste water is characterized by low pH (about 6), moderately high COD, (from 1000mg/L to 5000mg/L) and significant concentration of dissolved solid materials (200mg/L to 400 mg/L).There is a relationship between the production output and the characteristics of waste water. Key words: waste water, brewery, monitory, pollution. Key words: waste water, brewery, monitory, discharge |
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2010-434 THE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION IN THE OPERATING AREAS OF THE OIL INDUSTRY IN ALBANIA Bujar Seiti 1, Dritan Topi 1, Spiro Drushku 2, Alketa Lame 1, Eduard Andoni 1 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Abania Abstract: Among the Balkan countries Albania shows a high diversity for natural energetic sources. The intense use for some of them shows a high productivity. The geological structure of the area, geographical position, diversity of relief as well as presence of enormous hydrical systems, have brought to the combination of geological processes by guarantied formation of such raw materials, capable to shift on energetic sources. Based on the data production of crude oil in the past and the studies on the crude oil reserves, the future of this industry is promising. The prospective oil industry operation must have in focus the respecting of environmental guidelines and norms established by Environmental Protection Agency. The evaluation of environmental impact from the oil industry is the aim of that study. This study has analyzed the soil contamination of 1479 oil sludge pools with a combined area of 94.6 ha. The environmental impact on soil is assessed as serious. And make an environmental risk and safety risk. The study on the surface waters indicates that nearly 117 km of surface water features in the area along the Seman River to the coast are contaminated with oil. It is estimated that oil polluted sludge of 350,000 m3 are present along these water courses. The Gjanica River is overpolluted with hydrocarbon concentrations of up to 16,000 μg/l and BTEX of up to 1,000 μg/l. Other streams and channels are also heavily polluted. The contamination has effects well beyond the area where the industry operates. The Groundwater quality in these locations is unaffected by the surface activities and meets WHO drinking water standards for the compounds analyzed. In these areas we also find groundwater used as potable water, which is polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons, i.e. benzene, all of which are below the WHO limits. Key words: environmental impact, Oil industry, soil contamination, surface waters, groundwater |
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2010-435 THE TOXIC EVALUATION OF POPs IN EDIBLE FISHES FROM OHRID LAKE Dritan Topi 1, Bujar Seiti 1, Eltjon Halimi 2 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania 2 Museum of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: Persistent organic pollutants show serious hazard to both the environment and human health. Among them the polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) are probable human carcinogens and can also pose non-cancer health hazard in nervous, immune and reproductive systems. The risks and hazards associated with POP residues in fish tissues are a function of the dioxine-like compound toxicity and individual exposure. Fish consumption could become a serious problem due to the bioaccumulation phenomena as revealed in many scientific studies. We report data concerning the accumulation and pattern of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), p,p'-DDE and PCBs in edible tissues of freshwater fish species of Ohrid Lake: Ohrid trout Salmo letnica, belushka (belvica) Salmothimus ohridanus, carp Cyprinus carpio linnaeus, chub Leuciscus cephalus albus. The analyzed species are part of the human diet, hence to evaluate the toxic hazard for the inhabitants of surrounding area that have fishes part of their diet, were analyzed the 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQ) and tolerable weekly intake (TWI). Analytical analyzes by GC-ECD revealed p,p'-DDE concentrations were 82.81±0.76 and 82.81±0.85 ng/g wet wt in Ohrid trout and belvica, respectively. While PCBs showed higher concentration and they were 94.01±1.02 and 22.20±0.67 g/g wet wt in the muscle of Ohrid trout and belvica, respectively. The most abundant congeners were the most persistent PCB numbers 153, 138, 180, 118 and 170 which accounted for 41.4% of the total PCB residue in fish S.ohridanus and 47.4% in A.a.alborella. TEQs were 237 ng/g wet wt in Ohrid trout muscle and 325 ng/g wet wt in chub. The TWI weekly intake was calculated and values ranged 339pgTEQ/week when consuming of Ohrid trout fish and therefore lower than recommended TWI. Those values were higher (1358pgTEQ/week) than the recommended TWI, if 400 g of fish/week was consumed. Key words: Ohrid lake, edible fish, TEQ values, TWI values, PCBs, OCPs |
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2010-274 TOURISM IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ALBANIA Petrit Zorba 1, Mirela Tase 1 1 Univeristeti Aleksander Moisiu, Albania Abstract: Albania, even a small country, because of the physic and geographic conditions, from the climatic point of view has territories or places with a large variety of meteorological indexes, which are characterised for example: with an annual sum of air temperature from 1400°C, similar to the north part of Europe (the south part of Scandinavian countries); as well as has spaces characterised by an annual sum of air temperature up to 6100°C. Climate is a national resource and in the touristic context, it remain still an unstudied field and unevaluated in the requested levels from the touristic demands of our days for our country; furthermore in the sense of what is expected from the point of view of climate change and the respective impact in this sector. In this presentation aimed to present some considerations about those specific aspects offered by the climate of Albania with interest for the tourist, which by different group and interest is in need to have in her hand and to get a preliminary better knowledge, not only for a better organisation for himself, but also how to select the right place in space and time. Also, a special attention will be dedicated to history of meteorological observation in Albania and to the extreme weather events, which time by time are problematic for the country economy; as well as how they can influence the tourist and his decision-making are another site of this presentation. Key words: Climate, Tourism, Albania |
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2010-474 ICT APPLICATION FOR MONITORING AIR POLLUTION IN THE AREA OF SHKODRA LAKE Jozef Bushati 1, Florian Mandia 1, Neki Frasheri 2 1 University of Shkodra "Luigj Gurakuqi", Albania 2 Center for R&D on IT Faculty of Information Technology Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: The main theme is treatment environmental problems, primarily on the evaluation of the whole ecosystem, air, water and soil properties. In this paper we have introduced the problem of ICT application in the air quality monitoring. The properties of the lowest part of the Troposphere influence on the entire ecosystem. Monitoring is a routine procedure, in which the researcher uses the instruments sounds to collect measurement data, transfer these data by using dataloger properties of the instruments together with ICT application, using wireless connections, and in the last step these data are elaborated by using appropriate software. Principal air quality parameters include particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and ozone. Aerosol concentration constitutes on the physical part of the problem, and so we are concentrated mainly on aerosol monitoring. The measurement campaign was carried out in the Shkodra region, including Shkodra Lake. The instruments used for monitoring are suitable for the stationary and mobile operation, making measurements in indoor and outdoor ambient. In our campaign these instruments are installed in several points of in stationary mode. Their measurement results are collected instantly processed and saved on our database. The common peculiarities of these instruments are intersection and their cooperation with ICT applications in receiving and processing data in digital manner, saving directly in digital storage (memory cards) and depend of the needs, transmit with wireless connections. These advantages of the instruments let us make uninterrupted measurements for a relatively long period, giving in this way an accurate picture of the environmental situation. The analyzed results give a clear picture of aerosol concentration in the region of Shkodra Lake, which is done by using the statistical software, All data collections compare with the allowed intervals of aerosol concentration will give us possibilities for conclusions in this area Key words: ICT application,software,air pollution,aerosol concentration,Shkodra Lake |
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2010-480 THE THREATENED AND RARE PLANT SPECIES OF THE LAKE SHKODRA - BUNA DELTA HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM Abstract: Key words: Threatened species, Rare species, hydrophytes, Wetland, Lake Shkodra, Buna/Bojana Delta |
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2010-453 STATE OF WATER QUALITY OF THANA RESERVOIR AND ITS INFLUENCE ON IRRIGATED SOILS Adrian Doko 1, Evan Rroco 2 1 ATTC Fushe Kruja, Albania 2 AUT, Albania Abstract: Thana reservoir is the biggest artificial bilded up in Albania which is used for irrigation in agriculture. Its water is used to irrigate the most fertile land in Albania the "Myzeqe Plain". Water analysis to asses the pollution of the waters are conducted in during the period from 2005 to 2008. At the same time soil analysis of the agriculture land which are irrigated from Thana reservoir waters are performed. From the water analysis it was found that Sodium concentration was with 111,8 m.e./l up to 2,5 times higher than the higher limits permitted for irrigation waters. At the same time values over the permitted limits magnesium phosphates and potassium were registered. Soil analysis resulted in increased values of sodium during the time of the survey. At the same time the amount of exchangeable magnesium in the soil was more than doubled. The cropping systems during the time of the survey were also taken into consideration to judge if changes of phosphorus (slight decrease) and potassium (sharp increase) in the soil were due to irrigation ore due to soil management factors. Key words: Water quality, irrigation, soil |
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2010-455 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION OF THE SARANDA CITY IN ALBANIA Atoneta Polo 1, Evis Kushi 2, Enkela Caca 1, Etleva Peta 1 1 Department of Economy, Gjirokaster University, Albania 2 Department of Business Administration, Elbasan University, Albania Abstract: After the fall of communism in 1990, many cities in Albania have been characterised by significant economic and social developments, which have influenced the environment situation. Recently, environmental pollution represents a major problem for these cities. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to identify the main problems regarding the environmental pollution in Saranda, which is one of the main tourist destinations in Albania. The analysis indicates that some of these problems include: the overpopulation of the Saranda city within a short period of time; the insufficiency of the drinking water and the limitations of the sweage system, etc. More specifically, a new phenomenon of coastal urban development is the internal migration, where many people from the north of the country have moved to the coastal regions. The currently fast urbanisation process is certainly having adverse effects on the natural resources and the environment around the coastal areas because in most cases it is not accompanied by planned housing development or the construction of appropriate infrastructure and services. Regrading the water supply, although constantly growing, it cannot provide good quality with the rising domestic demand as a result of improved living standards, the increased use of electrical equipment, and improved sanitary conditions and sewerage systems. In addition, as for all Albanian cities, currently, there is no wastewater treatment facility in Saranda. This is important for the urbanised areas in the coastal zone and particularly the newly built areas close to the beach, which have recently become overpopulated as a result of uncontrolled migration and illegal constructions. Finally, this paper provides some recommendations for the improvement of the environmental situation of Saranda city. Key words: environment, pollution, water supply, sewage system, Saranda |
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2010-460 SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE POPULATIONS OF TWO CYPRINID FISHES LIVING IN SHKODRA LAKE Valbona Kolaneci 1, Celnike Shegani 2, Mariana Nikolla 1, Bledar Kuka 1 1 Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania 2 Fish Hatchery Station, Lin, Pogradec, Albania Abstract: The present study quantitatively describes some biological characteristics such as age composition, growth and mortality rates of carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio, Linnaeus, 1758) and bleak (Alburnus alburnus alborella, de Filippi, 1844) population in Shkodra Lake. The samplings were made by catch from the local commercial fishery. The total length data were composed together as a single time collection and grouped into length classes. The length-frequency data were used for estimating the von Bertalanffy growth parameters and mortality. The population growth curve was estimated from the relative position of the modes in a single length frequency sample. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated as K=0.31 yr-1; L∞=101.3 cm; t0=-0.04 yr and K=0.52 yr-1; L∞=20.0 cm; t0=-0.03 yr. Based on the growth and mortality data of carp and bleak populations, some considerations on reduction of fishing effort are presented in order to conserve biodiversity and to exploit the species in a more sustainable manner. Key words: carp, bleak, growth parameters, mortality |
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2010-466 THE INFLUENCE OF ECOLOGICAL FACTORS LIKE RAINFALL, TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE FOR EVALUATING THE MILLIPEDE POPULATION IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF ALBANIA Hajdar Kicaj 1, Mihallaq Qirjo 2 1 Universiteti i Vlores, Albania 2 Universiteti i Tiranes, Albnia Abstract: Object of this study is the use of some ecological indicators used for assessing populations of diplopoda in the Southern Part of Albania. It is also studying the impact of climatic data in their distribution. Climate data are collected for several years in three main areas of study, Vlore, Gjirokaster, Sarande. Although the proliferation of diplopoda fauna depends on a combination of several factors as temperature, humidity, soil type, vegetation, etc. ecological indicators such as frequency, constant and statistical processing of the data collected have a role as explain how ecological factors influence the spread these populations. In this article reported statistical data for three serious orders of class diplopoda in the study area (the Southern Part of Albania). Key words: Ecological factors, statistical marks, millipedes, diplopoda, julida, species, geographical spreading, gathering station |
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2010-506 ADMINISTRATION OF BIODIVERSITY OF THE AUTOCHTONES OLIVE TREES IN ALBANIA Erta Dodona 1, Hairi Ismaili 1, Antonio Cimato 2 1 Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania 2 Italy Abstract: Abstract Olive trees in Albania, located in the East Shore of Mediterranean, are considered as an important point of biologic diversity. Referring to Zhukovsk and Bahtjejev, our country is included in the seventh Mediterranean climate centre, based on the origin and formation of the cultivated plants. As conclusion: Albanian flora is genetically linked by the Euro-Asiatic flora of the East and West Mediterranean. For 20 years in Albania have been tried to explore, characterize and evaluation of the existent biodiversity. These kind of researches that have had their origin since 1985 in the Olive Trees Institute, have been undertaken in order to: prevent genetic erosion in the Olea family. Taking into account: the spontaneous expansion of oleo plants by the age over 20 centuries, the diversity of the varieties, the number and exploitation of the olive trees before 1940 (1200), climate conditions, and the evidence about the antic olive culture, the main centers of olive trees diversity are: • Antic olive trees of the Tirana region (Preze, Ndroq, Petrele, Linze, Brar, Kruje) • Antic olive trees of the Vlora region (Kanine, Bestrove, Narte, Panaja, Trevllazer, Dhermi, Himare, Palase, Qeparo, Borsh) Identification activity did take place in two phases: Firstly: identification of the list of the autochton cultivars, through consultations of the archive for the different varieties of the Albanian territory. Secondly: evaluation of the autochthon varieties, their origin and as well their identification, preservation and recuperation for deeper evaluation. Actually in Albania there are identified 46 genotypes. Out of which 22 have been fully analyzed in terms of morphologic character and genetic variability, 11 are accessions or synonymous. Three cultivars are widely disseminated. Today, 22 olive cultivars are the biodiversity cultivars to be used in the olive plantations of Albania. Regarding the biochemical and molecular analyses, this was able only in the last 5 years. For all the Albanian cultivars (22) was undertaken RAPD analyses, RAPD analyses of 22 cultivars hold up (support) the hypothesis of the autochton origin of our olive trees and their limited dissemination out of their core origin areas. Have been described agronomic and technologic characteristics of the main variety and cloning list. Physic characteristics of the olive oil of the main cultivars in correlation with vermin resistant. The purpose of germoplazma characterization was the total and actual knowledge of this biological diversity through application of a program of variety characterization: i) to have the best and proper genotype for different agronomic demands which directly influence in the productivity and the quality of the olive oil; and (ii) to supply the private farmers and other entities all the varietals asset which have contributed to the olive oil production in Albania. In Albania there are 5 olive varieties, which are considered as economically viable, because the area occupied by them is 5 % of the total olive area. The most popular variety is "Kalinjot", which cover 45 % of the total area. Key words: biodiversity, autochtones, cultivar, RAPD-analysis |
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2010-510 THE EFFECT OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE SOIL FAUNA OF THE RIVER BENCHES OF GJANICA RIVER IN ALBANIA Mihallaq Qirjo 1, Leonard Bejko 1 1 Tirana University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Albania Abstract: The study aims at assessing the negative impacts of hydrocarbon substances deriving from the pollution of oil extracting and processing industry in fresh water river ecosystems. The study covers spring-summer-autumn period 2009. Transects along 30 km Gjanica river are taken for measuring the dynamics soil fauna groups. Water chemical analyzes are undertaken. Groups of Acarina and some Insects shows more tolerance towards the pollution stress. |
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2010-514 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE LEVEL OF POLLUTION IN THE COASTAL WATERS IN THE LAGUNA OF NARTA AND ORICU THROUGH FIZICS,CHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL INDICATORS Muharrem Shehu 1, Laura Shabani 2 1 Universiteti Vlore, Fakulteti i Shkencave Teknike Universiteti, Albania 2 Fakulteti i Shkencave Natyrore Universiteti i Tiranes, Albania Abstract: Abstract This research represent data obout Narta and Oricum lagoon.Narta lagoon is situated in the south side of Vjosa river overflowing in Adriatik sea and Oricum lagoon is the next one,situated in the south side of Vlora bay.They represent very important habitats because of their turistical value and the use of them for fishing.Therefore it is important to know the quality of coastal water in order to ensure if they are safe to bathe,otherwise to evaluate the level of pollution: The microbiological examination of water samples is made to determinate the total charge of aerob mesofilic bacteria and the quantity of thermo-toerant coliforms as indicator of fecal pollution.This analyse is made by the multiple-tube fermentation method and the results are evaluatet as most probable number (MPN).As well as these characteristics the article contains data about the physic-chemical parameteres of these waters such as ,pH and temperature values ,the electric conduction, the content of some main inorganic ions,the quantity of oxygen soluble ect. The samples for analyses are collected from four stations by each lagoon in the months of autumn,and spring-summer season. According these data there are areas in these habitats where the pollution is evident.We think that the state and bad management of urban wastewater system is the main cause of environment pollution. Key words: lagoon,coastal,water,polution,coliforms bacteria,physical-chemical parameteres |
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2010-528 FOREST COVER AND MAIN INDEXES OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT LOAD OF SHKUMBINI RIVER Ramazan Saraci 1, Ardian Saraci 1 1 Albanian Community of WASWC, Albania Abstract: Shkumbini River is one of the most important river that cross Albania. It is extended on the middle of Albania and gathers water from a basin of 2445 km2 and a length of 181 km.The upper part lays out in the Central Mountainous Region and has form of a valley river. On the lower part flows westward to the Coastal Region and discharges into Adriatic Sea, north of Karavasta Lagoon. Records on runoff and suspended sediment load include the period 1948-1985(37 years). By statistical analysis of the series of water discharges Q and suspended sediment loads Qs for four hydrological stations was possible to attain the relationships between suspended sediment load and water discharge expressed by polinomial equations, with correlation coeficients from 0.63 to 0.87. Also, is determined the relationship between specific supended sediment load qs and mean high of watershed H that indicates the specific sediment load increase by decreasing of mean heigh of watershed, consequently of increase of area covered by eroded rocs from 23% up to 47% in the downstream zone. This relationship serves as a good basis to extrapolate data for calculation of sediment load at parts of watershed without data and for mapping of suspended load . By this graph it is possible to observe also that the annual specific suspended load has an increasing trend with the distance , confirming as the downstream stations give a major contribute to the year suspended volume of sediment. Key words: catchment basin, specific yield, sediment load,soil erosion |
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2010-537 OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL BANDWITH FOR A MULTIFUNCTIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM IN DISTANCE Bexhet Kamo 1, Adrian Shehu 1, Rozeta Miho 1, Indrit Enesi 1, Vladi Kolici 1 1 Faculty of Information Technology, UPT, Albania Abstract: Design and implementation of a multifunctional monitoring system in distance consist in a system that has to provide video surveillance for in and out of the monitoring sites, temperatures control, humidity control, dew point control, fluid detection, air flow control and also controlling parameters of other devices on site. In this paper we present a model for this system, by considering the bandwith required for all data transmission. The optimization of bandwith is done taking into consideration mostly video sensors. The number of video sensors and video resolution are the main parameters that are studied, in order to get the optimum bandwith required for a normal and acceptable quality of video or other alarms transmitted. Using Matlab we provide the graphical data for the bandwith and the number of sensors used in real application. The modeled system is implemented in a real case and we have viewed and compared the quality of data and mostly video transmission, for different value of frame rates. The system is modeled based on a base station solution, so the number of sensors that can transmit in real time is limited based on the interface's bandwith, of the base station. Considering this element and the maximum number of base stations for a site, we give a value for the maximum sensors and base station for one site, based on the channel's bandwith between remote site and control center. Key words: Monitoring system, temperature control, humidity control, video surveillance |
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2010-538 PHOSPHORUS SPECIATION IN LAKE SEDIMENTS Loreta Vallja 1, Alqi Cullaj 1 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: Phosphorus is the key element in aquatic chemistry of lakes being a limiting nutrient in the growth of algae under many conditions. Exchange with bottom sediments place an important role in making P available for algae and contributes, therefore to eutrophication. Phosphorus is found in lakes in several forms other than orthophosphate, the most readily form consumed directly by algae. Because the forms of P are constantly changing and recycling, it is necessary to measure various forms of phosphorus besides the total content. Many extraction schemes have been developed to determine different forms (better indicated as operationally define fractions) of P in sediments. Our investigation aims: 1) to assess the total content and various forms of phosphorus in sediment and solid suspended particles in Bovilla Lake (a big reservoir furnishing Tirana with drinking water). 2) to compare various procedures for determination of P forms in sediment. We used several procedures to evaluate various forms of phosphate, notably: (1) Total extractable P using strong digestion by HNO3+H2SO4 mixture and extraction by (NH4)2S2O8; (2) Harmonized protocol BCR (STM 1998) developed by the European Commission for determination of total P, Inorganic and Organic P, and NaOH extractable and acid (HCl) extractable P; (3) Troug`s (H2SO4, pH 3) extraction, (4) Olsen`s (0.5 M NaHCO3 pH 8.5) extraction and water extraction. A relatively high total phosphorus content of 455 mg/kg DW have been found in sediment samples taken from three sites of Bovilla Lake. This shows an important potential of sediments to release the P compounds, especially under anoxic conditions. Great part (about 87 %) of phosphorus is inorganic (dissolved in HCl 1 M), around 93% of IP is Ca-bonded and is considered as non-available. Only a small part of total P is iron-bonded (2.5 % NAIP), and is considered as bioavailable and around 4.3 % is present as organic matter. Key words: Phosphorus, eutrophic, sediments, Bovilla lake, extraction |
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2010-546 DATA ON DEPENDENCE AND SPREAD OF ABANDONMENT OF COLEOPTERS AND HEMIPTERS OF SWEET WATERS TO THE ECOLOGIC FACTORS IN THE REGION OF MID ALBANIA Jakov Oga 1 Ziso Thomollari 1 Arjana Striniqi 2 1. Department of Biology and Chimistry, "A. Xhuvani" University, Elbasan, Albania 2. Departament of Biology and Chimistry, "L. Gurakuqi" University, Shkoder, Albania Abstract: In the research region, the river Shkumbin and its affluents, affluents of Lake Ohrid and some other waters pouring into the Adriatic Sea, are part of it. The influence of pH, temperature, altitude above the sea level and amount of O2 in water dissolution are taken into consideration. Likewise, their relationship to the clarity of waters and the amount of organic mattes in decomposition are analyzed. We have drawn values of saprophytes and relationship of the studied living creatures to the waters bed and their depths. Based on these ecologic factors considerations are given on the spread and abandonment of water coleopters and hemipters. Key words: abundance, water beetles, true bugs, pH, saprobia, trophic level, thermal tolerance, zooplankton, species richness, population density, euphotic zone, benthos |
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2010-547 LARVAE OF ODONATA AS INDICATORS OF WATER POLLUTION IN LAKE SHKODRA Arjana Striniqi 1, Kastriot Misja 2, Jakov Oga 3 1 Department of Biology and Chimistry, University "L.Gurakuqi",Shkoder, Albania 2 Department of Biology and Chimistry, Tirana, Albania 3 Department of Biology and Chimistry, "A. Xhuvani" University. Elbasan, Albania Abstract: Water entomofauna consists of a whole species belonging to different orders and classes of insects. Odonata (dragonflies) are the most famous and have impressive images. Odonata and Trichopterat are indicators are truly aquatic environments. If Insect larvae order Trichoptera, has been recognised as indicators of environmental pollution, or Odonata dragonfly larvae are presenting now an interesting too in this area. This relates to the fact that the larvae of dragonflies (Odonata) to use their breath to the air dissolved in water. Branshite of these insects are at the end of abdomen or within the rectum, are very fragile and are affected more by the chemistry of the water. we are to explore several types of order that have accumulated in odonada shore of Shkodras' Lake and River Drin, near the bridge that Bacallekut. Our material consists from several species belonging to these families : calopterygidae family lestidae family Libellulidae family Libellulidae family Libellulidae family Comphidae family Coenagrionidae family For each type of data are: for the biology and ecology of species, grouping zoogjeografik, a brief description of the type, place and time where it is met. Also provided data for several endangered species of dragonfly for extinction. In Shkodra lake water flow coming from the land with chemical waste phosphoric, with Insecticides and pesticides that during spraying plants and trees fall in land and irrigation water or rainfall in the lake end. Composition of current lake water charge carries a damaging chemical elements vital activity of the larvae of odonata. Key words: Odonata water pollution,indicators, environmental pollution |
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2010-550 as passive samplers for water monitoring in Anila Neziri 1, Albrecht Paschke 2 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Shkodra, Albania 2 Department of Ecological Chemistry, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Germany Abstract: A number of alternative methods monitoring water quality has been developed to complement and/or replace "spot" sampling methods. These techniques allow the determination of time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of the bioavailable fraction of pollutants over several weeks. The bare silicone rods, which acting as hydrophobic organic receiving phase, were exposed as passive samplers in lake Shkodra during the year 2008. After retrieval, the silicone rods were directly analysed by thermo-desorption–GC/MS. The TWA concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were calculated using laboratory-derived sampling rates (Rs) for the bare silicone rod samplers. The estimated TWA concentrations of freely dissolved fractions of selected PAHs in lake Shkodra ranged from 0.07 to 0.855ng/L. Among the PAHs determied were Naphthalene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene,1,4,6- Trimethylnaphthalene. Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Anthracene were the main compounds found. The highest concentrations among the three sampling points were found at site Zogaj. Key words: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, silicone rod, passive samplers, water monitoring |
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2010-553 FLUORESCENCE DETECTION OF TWO MIXED DYES IN WATER SAMPLES Liljana Kola 1, Pranvera Lazo 2 1 Centre of Nuclear and Applied Physics,niversity of Tirana, FNS, Tirana, Albania 2 Departement of Chemistry, University of Tirana, FNS, Tirana, Albania Abstract: The fluorescence ability of some dyes enables their using as artificial tracer in the water system studies. The problem is dealt with in relation to applying the dye to trace and determine water movements within the karstic system and underground waters. Related with the aims of the study one can inject two or more dyes in the different points of the water system. We have applied the artificial tracer experiment in water system studies for the first time in our country in the karstic system study of Mali me Gropa on 2002, where we injected four artificial tracers in four different places of the system, in the same time. One can detect the maxima of the fluorescence of each tracer in water samples separating them from each other. The separation of the fluorescent dyes from each other needs the chemical supplementary treatments. In this paper only spectral separation of fluorescent dyes in binary mixtures and treatments based on pH-variations are described. The concentration and synchronous scan methods were used for the measurement of the Uranine, Eosine and Rhodamine WT fluorescence by the means of a Perkin Elmer LS 55 Luminescence Spectrometer. These results help us to decide which dyes can be used together in the same water system study. According to these results we can decide how to detect the maxima of their fluorescence in water samples, too. Key words: Spectral Determination, Uranine, Fluorescence Intensity (IF), synchronous scan, artificial tracer |
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2010-557 ON THE TOXIC INFLUENCE OF CYANOTOXINS IN CARASSIUS CARASSIUS EMBRYO- LARVAL DEVELOPMENT Neira Medja 1, Edmond Panariti 2, Nefail Biba 2, Sokol Duro 2, Anila Neziri 1, 1 University of Shkodra, Albania 2 Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: Cyanobacteria and their toxic products represent a serious problem in many waters. The aim of this study was to find out how crude extract of cyanobacteria can influence the embryonic and larval development of carassius on the basis of embryo-larval toxicity test. Crude extract of cyanobacteria containing the known amount of microcystins LR, YR and RR (90, 9.0 and 0.9 μg•L-1, i.e. high, medium and low concentration of the extract), was administered to carassius eggs. The experiments were finished after 8 and 30 days (short- and long-term exposure). Evaluation of the tests was based on the OECD guideline for testing chemicals, direction 210 from 1992. The extract with high concentration caused 94% (p < 0.01) embryonic mortality, prolonged hatching, increased numbers of malformed and dead larvae (p < 0.01) and a decrease in average total length (p < 0.01). Yolk sac dropsy and abnormal behaviour were observed. The extract with medium concentration caused an increase in dead larvae after the short-term exposure (p < 0.05) and an increase in malformed (p < 0.05) and dead (p < 0.01) larvae after the long-term exposure. The extract with low concentration caused an increase in dead larvae only after the long-term exposure (p < 0.05). In general, we can conclude that the extract with high concentration results in acute toxicity for embryos of the carassius. The influence of the extract with medium and low concentrations was manifested after the long-term exposure. Key words: Cianotoxins, malformations, fish, embryo-larval toxicity test, hatch |
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2010-561 ROW FRESH MILK, LIKE A CRITICAL CONTROL POINT, AT OUR MILK PROCESSING INDUSTRY Lindita Molla 1, Donika Bocari 1, Lindita Tafaj 1 1 Health & Environment Department Public Health Institute, Tirana, Albania Abstract: Application of HACCP system (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) is necessary for our food industry in general, to assure safety products for consumer protection. The proceeding presents the first phase of a study on the implementation of HACCP system in a milk factory of Middle Albania. In this phase of the study are evaluated: a. the situation of the milk factory and its by products. b. biological, chemical and toxicological hazards of the row material, unprocessed milk. c. manipulation personnel knowledge about food borne diseases and HACCP system. d. educative intervention for the increase of milk safety as row milk. The goal of this proceeding has been estimation of some critical control points for implementation of HACCP system. Initially, has resulted disrespect of good hygienic practice (GHP) along the reception and the manipulation of row material (fresh milk). From the microbiological analyses resulted that 75 % of row milk had microbiological index above allowed norm, this before our educative and information intervention. Content of somatic cells (screening method) resulted to 60 % above 500.000. With regard to chemical hazard haven't resulted residues (chlororganic pesticides, heavy metals) at neither row milk samples. From the questionnaires made to the milk employees about HACCP system, hazards and Critical Control Points concept, resulted that the intervention was valid statistically with p value respectively 0,0001, 0,004 and 0,083. Key words: HACCP, CCP, hazard, row material, GHP |
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2010-588 RIVERS WATER LIFE AND THE RESPONSES OF POSSIBLE HYDROPOWER'S TO BE CONSTRUCTED IN THE WATER COURSES OF VJOSA, SEMANI AND DRINI IN ALBANIA Spase Shumka 1, Lulezim Shuka 2, Sotir Mali 3 1 Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania 2 University of Tirana, Albania 3 University of Elbasan, Albania Abstract: The subject of this paper is the energy issue and the Rivers of Vjosa, Semani and Drini the main contributor with freshwater to south eastern Adriatic. The rivers of Albania are mostly natural; they have hardly been dammed or channeled, except for some existing dams in the middle part of the river courses. Therefore these rivers, especially in their upstream part, constitute very valuable natural ecosystems. In Europe, examples are scarce of rivers of this size that still enjoy a natural course. The Albanian rivers generally have a high physical quality. The biochemical quality is probably altered by emissions of domestic or industrial wastewater. On a small territory, Albania has a high diversity of ecosystems and habitats. Within its territory there are maritime ecosystems, coastal zones, lakes, rivers, evergreen and broadleaf bushes, broadleaf forests, pine forests, alpine and sub-alpine pastures and meadows, and high mountain ecosystems. The country is rich in forest and pasture resources. The coastal zones are rich in valuable wetlands. The mountain areas are less populated and have generally remained relatively pristine, with some very valuable ecosystems. Unfortunately they suffer from emigration, and abandoned agricultural areas (including for instance terrace agriculture) are a common landscape. Nowadays there is a general increase of "invasion" to the river systems in Albania and wider area due to the energy increasing demand. In this paper there is presented the potential impact of constructed and possibly to be constructed hydropower's. Beside that there is an EIA procedure developed, the tendency of water life and catchments affection is of a great concern. The fish communities and particularly migrating ones, freshwater or marine will be directly affected. The affect of regulation on fish and fishing is a complicated interaction between a number of physical and biological factors. Key words: Albanian rivers, energy, biodiversity, fish community, vegetation |
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2010-594 SOIL EROSION FROM THE RIVER SIDES Justina Borici 1, Vangjo Kovaci 2, Klarent Dedaj 1, Zaim Mema 1 1 Centre of agriculture tehnology, Albania 2 Politechnique University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: The protection of the soil from erosion is for our country a big problem with high extension and with complex character. The forms of erosion are different and in dependence of factors which are caused. But, the phenomena is present in all the rivers and streams of our country where the losses of the soil are estimated some tens of hectares every year. This phenomena in all the cases is accompanied not only with the loss of the soil but with the failures of the infrastructure in the bottom of the rivers and the embankments around. The problem of soil protection from the erosion in general and especially the protection for eroding the bottom of the rivers especially are the most important that are required today for the protection of the soil. The damages in the rivers bottom are with very heavy consequences in the national economy. These damages are not seen immediately but very often cause serious complications with heavy consequences in the land and in the social life of the communities that are situated in the vicinities of the rivers. The factors that influence are: The slant of the rivers; the immediate turns; the non stable sides of the rivers; the concentration of the rains in different periods of the year; the high coefficient of water flow in surface; the absence of the plants cover. In this study, through monitoring we give an information of the concrete situation of the river's bottom in the soils around them, the factors of this situation, the problems that seek a solution and the measures to be taken. The study has been fulfilled in four river ponds: 1. Drin, Buna, Mat, Shkumbin. 2. Erzen, Tirana River, Tërkuza river, Zeza river and Droja river. 3. Seman, Osum, and Devoll rivers. 4. Vjosa, Shushica and Drino river. From the study results that: endangered soils from the slips and demolitions are 109.000 ha. Destructed and slipping soils are 4000 ha. The erosion of the soil in the river's bottom and sides are present in all the segments of our country. the monitoring shows that for soil losses within a years are some tens of hectars. |
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2010-596 WASTE WATER TREATMENT URBAN PLANT IN SEASIDE OF VLORA, IN SOUTH OF ALBANIA Mira Shehu 1, Hertel Shehu 1, Djana Ilia 1, Evelina Bazini 1 1 University of Vlora, Albania Abstract: The waste water treatment urban plant in the seaside of Vlora, as the first in Albania, is thinking to separate in two phases. The first phase is including sewerage, pretreatment and primarily treatment. The second phase consisted in secondary treatment and treatment of sludge. The aim of waste water treatment urban plant for Vlora's city is to treat the waste water according to the regulations. This treatment does not consist to transform the waste water in the water supply for the consumer but to make it so clear as to have reduced parameter that can't damage absolutely life and water activities. Key words: waste water, sludge, sewerage |
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2010-607 THE QUALITY CONTROL OF LIQUID PRESSURE GAS MARKETED IN ALBANIA Spiro Drushku 1, Ismet Beqiraj 1, Hasime Manaj 1 1 Universiteti of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Albania Abstract: The Liquid Pressure Gas (LPG) is one of the main by-products of the oil refinery. It is used not only as raw material for petrochemical industry, but also as energetic supply for residencies due to the efficacy in the utilization. In Albania the LPG is produced for the first time by KPTHN, Ballsh in 1978. Initially it was used as energetic supply by the refinery itself, as well as it was exported in the neighbouring countries like Greece and Ex-Yugoslavia. For the first time it was used for residential needs in the Ballsh city during '80, which is located close to KPTHN. After 2000 the LPG is used not only for industrial needs, but also used for in massive way all over the country for residencies and cars. After this year the import of LPG shifted the domestic production, hence was the main source in the market. Another factor that highly impacted the situation was the cut off of the LPG production in Albania in the 2003. The development trends of the market are sustained by two sources: domestic production and imports. This paper presents the analytic results for 20% representative LPG samples which are extracted by 610 analyzed samples. The distribution of the samples covers a 4 year period of time as well as cover different locations and mainly in the urban areas. The study is focused also in the theoretical and analytic considerations upon the products quality by comparing them with actual European Standards. The suggestions for improving existing Albanian standards are outcome of this study. By the January 1st 2007 in Albania is adapted the LPG's standard according to the EU standards. |
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2010-608 THE QUALITY CONTROL OF COMBUSTIBLE FUELS MARKETED IN THE ALBANIA Ismet Beqiraj 1, Spiro Drushku 1, Agim Malja 1, Hasime Manaj 1 1 Universiteti of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Albania Abstract: After the '90s, the Albanian Economy felt in the stagnation. Despite that fact the market demands for oil's by-products like: fuels, lubricants, combustible fuels and liquid pressure gas (L.P.G), is grown continuously. Combustible liquid fossil fuels serve like energy sources not only in the industry and agriculture, but also in the residential services. Statistical data shows that usage of the oil by-products is grown considerably by years, especially after 2003. During that period the demand for fossil fuels is supported by domestic production in roughly 90% of the total consumption. The development of this market conditioned need for ongoing monitoring of the all quality parameters for fossil fuels, especially the sulphur content. During the last decade a close cooperation was set up between the Laboratory of the Chemical Technology at the Faculty of Natural Sciences (FNS) and the High Inspectorate of the Oil and Gas Control. They have conducted the quality control analyses for fossil fuels, especially the combustible fluids, present in the market. This study presents the analytic results for 10% of combustible fuels samples, by the total number of 374 analyzed samples. The distribution of the samples covers a 4 year period of time as well as referred to different locations. The development trends of the market are supplied by two sources: domestic and imported products. The study is focused also in the theoretical and analytic considerations upon the products quality by comparing them with actual European Standards. The suggestions for improving existing Albanian standards are outcome of this study. Key words: fossil fuel, combustible liquid fuels, L.P.G, density, flash point, sulphur content |
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2010-614 THE CHLOROPHYLL SCENARIO COMPRISING VALUES IN BOKA KOTORSKA BAY (Montenegro) AND DURRES HARBOR (Albania) AS A STRIVE TOWARDS DIFFERENT EUTROPHICATION RATES Elona Bahiti 1, Lelo Tesho 1, Marilda Osmani 1, Anila Gezhilli 1, Dorina Tesho 1 1 Faculty of Natural Sciences, University "A. Xhuvani" Elbasan, Albania Abstract: The south eastern Adriatic coast after the years '90 has been a subject of various human and economic developments. To that fact the environmental sequences has been a phenomena that poorly were considered in the scientific and management practices. Even in many cases there is missing a real integrated coast management in the section in between Montenegro and Albania. The rapid development of the coastal area in Albania in the last two decades was a precondition of an increased rate of eutrophication. Based on that it is a process and not a state in our paper we try to assess the trends of development in this part of Adriatic coast. Based on our assessment the rate of chlorophyll was oscillating in between 6.3 mg/m3 – 5.6 mg/m3. The treatment of coastal rate of nutrient enrichment in many cases in Mediterranean was treated in both human and natural origin. In Albanian site we thought that there is a difference with Boka Kotorska bay due to very different hydrographic and social developments. So, in our case the main driver in nutrient enrichment is the urban enlargement and expansion. Key words: Adriatic coast, eutrophication, water quality, nutrients, chlorophyll |
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2010-618 STATISTICAL STUDY ABOUT THE RESPIRATORY DISEASES OF SHKODER DURING 1984 - 2005 Zamira Shabani 1, Gentiana Qirjako 2, Anila Neziri 1, Nevila Bushati 1 1 University of Shkodra, Albania 2 University of Tirana, Albania Abstract: In this article we consider the cases of respiratory infection disases in Shkoder, during 1984 –2005. Also we have considered the hospitalized cases in the Regional Hospital of Shkoder. The morbidity and mortality of these diseases is studied according selected age - groups, gender and socio - demographic characteristics (place of residence: rural vs. urban areas). The data are taken from the Statistic Office of Hospital and Statistic Office of Public Health. (S.O.P.H.SH), (S.O.R.H.SH). The method is simple, analytic and descriptive and evidences the incidence of cases. From statistical analyses of the data were concluded that the number of morbidity and mortality is going to be high in the last decade and is linked with the changes in environment as the low air quality . The air quality connected with transport car, combustion of solid wastes and emission in environment air pollutants as : oxides of sulfur, nitrogen oxides, mono and carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, lead, soot, dust and cancerogenic substances which are the main factors increasing the cases of respiratory infection disases in Shkoder. The levels of dust in Shkodra presented in this paper in microgram/m3 which are higher than recommended levels of World Health Organization, WHO. Key words: Respiratory infection, morbidity and mortality, air quality |
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2010-647 EVALUATION OF CHLORINATION BYPRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER IN THE CITIES SHKODER, VLORE DHE LUSHNJE Adelina Manlliu 1 1 Public Health Institute, Albania Abstract: Water is essential for life, and a satisfactory supply must be available to consumers. Every effort should be made to ensure drinking water quality as much as practicable. Protection of water reservoirs from pollution is the first line of defence. Maintaining of the sources is almost the best method to ensure safe drinking water and preferably where contaminated water is treated to make it suitable for use by the customer. Water source should be as far away as possible from populated centers, and should be saved from pollution and waste of human and animal, which may contain a variety of bacteria, viruses, pathogens and parasites. Failure of this treatment, the water will expose the population to epidemic outbreaks of intestinal and other infectious diseases. Part of the population that threatens more diseases originating from water pollution are infants and children, those with health problems or not living in good sanitary conditions, the sick and the elderly. For these categories doses for infection are more depressed than for the rest of the population. Health risk from toxic chemicals in drinking water differs from that caused by microbiological contaminants. Chemical ingredients of water that can lead to acute health problems but these are not mass poisoning dimensions. The fact that chemical pollutants have no acute effects places them in a category with lower risk than microbiological pollutants, whose effects are acute and very extended. Problems related to chemical components of drinking water arise primarily from their ability to cause health effects reverse after a period of prolonged exposure; including pollutants that have cumulative toxic characteristics such as heavy metals, and cancerous substances. It should be noted that the use of chemical disinfectants in water treatment usually results in the formation of chemical products, some of which are a potential risk. However, health risks of these products are small compared to risks from inadequate disinfectants, and it is important that disinfection should not jeopardize the control of such byproducts. Disinfection is the most important step in addressing public water reservoirs. |
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2010-658 SALT MARSHES PLANT DIVERSITY OF COASTAL ZONE IN ALBANIA Julian Shehu 1, Alfred Mullaj 2, Alban Ibraliu 1 1 Agricultural University of Tirana, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Albania 2 University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Albania Abstract: The salt marshes of Albania comprise a narrow belt along the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, with a total length of 476 km from the north to south. They have long been the subject of a range of human activities causing habitat loss. Enclosure for agricultural use, ports and other infrastructure has reduced many salt marshes to a narrow fringe along estuary shores. Salt marshes are important for a range of interests. In particular they support a range of specialist plant communities and associated animals (especially breeding and wintering birds) and often have a high nature conservation interest. They rarely exist in isolation and form an integral part of many estuaries, other tidal inlets and bays. The objectives of this study are flora and vegetation of salt marshes. In this study, on the basis of field surveys, is given a phytosociological classification of the Albanian salt marshes vegetation by the European standard methods of phytosociology (Zurich-Montpellier). The salt marsh communities of Albania are poor in endemism and generally similar to relevant vegetation types elsewhere in the Mediterranean. In all 61 plant taxa were determined from this area. Families with highest number of taxa were Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae and Plumbaginaceae with dominating genera like: Arthrocnemum, Limonium, Puccinellia, Chenopodium, Plantago, Tamarix and Juncus. The representative species recorded were Arthrocnemum fruticosum, Halimione portulacoides, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Juncus acutus, J. maritimus, Limonium vulgare, Polypogon monspeliensis, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, and Tamarix dalmatica. Phytosociological analysis evidenced 16 associations, which belong to 4 classes, 5 orders and 6 alliances. Key words: habitat loss, salt marshes, flora and vegetation, phytosociological analysis |
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2010-679 ECOLOGICAL STATE OF SHKODRA LAKES WATER Aurora Dibra 1, Fatbardh Sokoli 1 1 University of Shkodra, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Albania Abstract: It will be identified the ecological state of water in Shkodra Lake. The scale of eutrofication and the water quality is evaluated with different methods and the biota presence. Plants, like Miryophyllum aqyaticum are used to evaluate the quality of light in the water of the lake. The impact of sewage waters and wastes depositation on the shores of the Lake was evaluated as a factor with a high impact in the water's quality. Key words: Shkodra lake, eutrofication, water quality, biota |
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2010-685 WATER MANAGEMENT FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Teofik Fugarinja 1, Tom Marku 1, Margerita Cuni 1 1 Permaculture and organic agriculture, Albania Abstract: Permaculture evolved from concern with the degradation of the environment. There are several key issues which affect how we, our children, and grandchildren can live on this earth. They are: Water pollution and availability, Soil toxicity: long term: nuclear, less long term, chemical, climate change which will affect, species and production systems in all countries, growth and development economies PERMACULTURE is A DESIGN SYSTEM FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PERMACULTURE AND ORGANIC AGRICULTURE Is an Albanian NGO, working on the field of introduce and practice sustainable agriculture, as a real possibility that by mobilization and maximally using of the local resources can reduce poverty in rural areas. Sustainable Agriculture and Organic Agriculture is registered as Local NGO,s according to the Albanian law. The main target are farmers, women, youth in the villages and the towns, extension workers, local experts and research workers.. The aim on capacity building of people youth and farmers for better understanding their role and responsibility on the environment and biodiversity protection and development, organic agriculture production, improve the well being of the rural and urban families, by mobilization of the local resources and looking the future with optimism. Vision of P&OA Capacity building of the young generation, extension workers, specialist of the local governments, students of the middle schools and agriculture universities, pedagogical staff, NGO sector etc for introduce and practice permaculture as a real possibility in the farm and community to maximally use of the local resources and mobilization of the resources and energy, for improve living condition and reduce poverty in rural areas. Volunteer's approach of the staff is the main spirit to support youth etc. Mission of the P&OA To learn people how to understand the philosophy and principles of permaculture and the importance of the practical effect by application permaculture methods and techniques in all aspects of the human beings activity, and with small investments to take the maximal outputs. Understanding that the resources in the world are un limited, and is the duty of people, science and experts to put all the energies in the service of the human beings, and looking the future of the world with optimism. P&OA support people to work in the community and other social activities of the field of agriculture, fruit culture, forestry, water resources, saving and improve the fertility of the land, using the alternative energies in the service of the human beings, such as wind energy, solar energy, biogas energy and measures for environment protection and reduce emission of CO2 in the atmosphere, saving the genetic pollution and diversity of spices, organic way of production etc. Support understanding the role of individuals including women and youth for the development of permaculture on the service of improving well being. The strategy of P&OA For realization the it's mission P&OA work closely with youth, individuals, representative of the local communities, in the village, commune for capacity building of the farmers, farmers groups and associations, students and researchers for better understanding the philosophy of permaculture for advanced combination of the factors of the development for harmony of the human lives. What is actually P&OA? P&OA is information center for sustainable agriculture and Organic Agriculture. P&OA encourage people to reduce using of the high doses of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, for meeting the standards of IFOAM and European Union. Strengthening the network of organic farmers, certification of the organic farms and products, and application widely the organic low approved by Albanian parliament, for organic agriculture, healthy products and protection against GMO, etc. P&OA has collaboration with 128 organic farmers in the prefecture of Shkoder and with 46 villages of the rural zones. P&OA is P/C Training Center P&OA organize training with youth, and other interested people about permaculture design system as the main power of the permaculture in practice. Organize concrete demonstration in the permaculture farms for looking into practice the effect of permaculture. The training is offered for youth, students, farmers and farmer associations, extension workers, specialists of the local government, at Agriculture University, Research institutes, in local and national level. P&OA provides technical assistance for implementation of pilot projects P&OA provide projects for farms and farmer groups and communities, like model greenhouses, reservoirs in dry zones for irrigation etc. grip irrigation systems, mulching system, composting and recycling, living hedges with fruit trees, crop rotation, drying and processing fruits and vegetables, storing techniques, application of the alternative energy like wind, solar, biomass energy etc, standardization, packing and marketing of organic products, strengthening the relationship of organic producers in the country and in the regional level. P&OA organize the awareness campaign for application of the permaculture. P&OA inform periodically the public with the progress of permaculture and organic agriculture, through local TV and written media, publish leaflets, photos and video reflecting the activities in the farm, school, youth and women, in local and national level for application of the sustainable agriculture. Water management is the crucial part of the permaculture. Herein are some photos illustrating the possibilities to maximally using of the local resources. Reservoirs in high mountain villages are an example how to create well-being in remote villages. Village Velez is situated on a mountain zone in Tirana. A village with around 150 families have constructed more than 4- reservoirs with capacity of 100 0 300 cubic meter water for irrigation. They produce tomatoe on August September October, with very good quality and very good taste, and they have secure market thanks to the quality and god climate condition where they are produced... Model of lake may be considered the Lucerne Lake, where the town was constructed on the sides of lakes decorated, with decorative trees, roads, gardens and social places. The lake is very clean, and according to the legislation, is not allowed at least a leaf to fall down to pollute the lake. A Very good example model in the world is Ohrid Lake. Clean waters and very good protected and designed, combination with mountain, forest, town , economical and the tourism These models have to be adopted and planed for investments. Shkodra Lake needs many investments to change it like Ohrid model. Key words: water management |
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2010-646 IMPACTS OF DRILON PUMP STATION WATER ON LAKE OHRID Arian Merolli 1, Robert Damo 2, Pirro Icka 2 1 KMPU bilateral Secretariat of the Lake Ohrid, Albania 2 Department of Agronomy, University Fan S. Noli, Albania Abstract: Improvement of water treatment systems to discharge on the Albanian side of Lake Ohrid, through implementation to be European Directive for the Treatment of Urban Water discharges (UEWWTD), is an objective to be realized up to 2010 to avoid eutrophication problems caused by human activity. In addition to numerous natural water sources which supplies the lake and improve its quality, is Drilon pomp station (hydrovor), built to remove the excess waters from the surrounding area peaty soils field. Besides this function, recently, was added hydrovor use for removal of water used to Pogradec city and surrounding villages after their treatment. Agricultural activity in the area of peaty soils, urban and industrial activity increase, and discharge of water used after its treatment are the main causes of water pollution left by hydrovor, which is a risk to water pollution of Lake Ohrid. In this paper will present some results of monitoring the level of various pollutants in water discharge by hydrovor and their impact on Lake Ohrid. This will help and to fulfill the obligations required by UNESCO for inclusion of the Albanian part of the lake under the Natural Heritage Monument Status. Key words: Water pollution, environmental risk, eutrophication |
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2010-770 PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN ALBANIA Hairi Ismaili Ministry of Agriculture, Albania Abstract: Albania is located on the eastern shore of the Adriatic sea, south of former Yugoslavia, north of Greece, and west of Macedonia. It is divided into three agro-ecological zones based on climate, soils and vegetation: the fertile coastal plains, the intermediate hilly region, and the non-arable mountain zones. Annual rainfall varies from 800 to 2,000 mm in coastal areas to 1,600 to 2,000 mm in the hilly regions and up to 3,000 mm in the mountains. Rainfall is concentrated mainly in the winter, and less than 20 percent of annual rainfall occurs in the six-month period between April and September. Crop water deficits between June and August range between 400 and 500 mm that cannot be supplied from soil moisture, making irrigation necessary for adequate crop growth, especially in the coastal areas. Agriculture was and is Albania's most important sector, presently accounting for over 50 percent of GDP and employment. Due to the importance of this sector and the need for irrigation, the previous regime made massive investments in irrigation and drainage between 1950 and 1975. By the end of 1980s, about 420,000 ha of land, representing over 50 percent of Albania's arable land and delivering some 80 percent of its agricultural production, was provided with irrigation facilities. Drainage was also recognized as a necessity along with the irrigation. A substantial part of irrigation development is in the coastal plains, where soils are heavy and the land is flat since much of it was reclaimed from swamps. As winter rain frequently causes waterlogging, extensive networks of drainage have also been developed. Water Sources. Albania is a water-rich country, with an annual average of 3,080 m3 per capita, the highest in Central and Eastern Europe. Total run-off equals on average 25.7 billion m3 per year, of which 2 percent or 588 million m3 can be stored in irrigation reservoirs. This water, together with 450 million m3 diverted from rivers and lakes, constitutes the present volume of 1.0 billion m3 available for irrigation from surface water. Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure: System Size and Fragmentation. Irrigation systems are highly fragmented since 55 percent of the irrigation command area is supplied by small systems covering less than 5,000 ha. Some 653 dams and reservoirs supply water to about 184,000 ha, and 639 pumping stations with some 1,250 electrical pumps and installed power of about 200,000 kW provide lift irrigation from rivers and lakes for about 78,000 ha. Run-of-river schemes account for water on some 160,000 ha, with groundwater supplying the remaining 1,000 ha of land under irrigation command. |
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2010-522 SOME IMPORTANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AND WATER RESOURCES IN ALBANIA Hajri Haska 1, Flora Merko 2, Manjola Salla 3, Janaq Male 4 1 Agency of Environment and Forestry, Albania 2 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Water Administration, Tirana, Albania 3 Agriculturale University, Tirane, Albania 4 Netherlands Development Organization, SNV, Tirana, Albania Abstract: A small, but very beautiful country, Albania, is located on the Balkan Peninsula, on the south eastern part of Europe. There is a population about 4.1 million habitants, capital Tirana. Albania enclosed from terrestrial, sea, rivers and lakes border. Total long of Albania border is about 1094 km; from them 657 km terrestrial, 316 km sea border, 43 km rivers border and 73 km lake border. Albania has a lot of water resources including here: seas, rivers, lakes, lagoons as well as underground waters. Most important of them are: i) seas: Adriatic and Joan; ii) lakes: Ohrid, Prespa, Shkodra and Butrinti: iii) rivers: Drini, Buna, Mati, Shkumbini, Semani; Vjosa, Ishmi and Erzeni, and also a lot of artificial reservoirs. In Albania there are some glacial lakes as Lura and Balgjaj, as well as some lagoons as: Karavasta, Patok and Kune–Vain. But, in Albania there are many geothermal water resources, and many specialist have studied how to use them, for example for heating buildings, for production of agricultural plants, or for decorative and forest sampling. Albania has about 1,485 mm precipitation in year, rain and snow forms. Most of precipitation descend from the rivers and flow into the Adriatic Sea. In a year into, the sea, flow 42 milliard m3 water, from which 12.8 milliard m3 corresponding underground water. About 23% of underground water are distributed in all the country and is using from people for different activities. There are also a lot of kind of natural habitats and ecosystems as: Mediterranean shrubs, broadleaves forests, conifer forests, mixed forests, alpine a sub-alpine pasture ecosystems, meadows, rocks area, marine ecosystems, coastal, lagoons and other wetland area, lakes, rivers, but of course and agricultural area. And all of them have good correlations between the vegetation and water resources.This correlation is more evident near the rivers,lakes,lagoons etc Around 36 % of total surface of Albania are covered by the forests that means 1,043,158 ha with a total standing volume from 81,334,000 m3. In Albania are 361,568.7 ha (12.58 % against of total Albania surface) Protected Area, according to IUCN criteria. Flora of Albania results with about 3,250 kinds of vascular plants, about 30% of European's flora, represented from 165 family and 910 genders. In Albania grow up around 30 endemic and 160 sub-endemic species. Finally, as results of all written above, we conclude that Albania has very good conditions and a good geographical position. Also Albania is very rich with water resources, with various vegetation that grows up very well and there is in continuity a very strong correlation with water resources. Key words: Albania, resources, water, river, lake, sea, Mediterranean, flora, forest, endemic, vegetation, precipitation. |
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2010-775 STUDY OF THE CAPACITY LOSS OF THE DAM GARGAR GHELIZANE-ALGERIA H.BENFETTA, B. REMINI, D. REZIK, M. LARID Maitre de conférences, Université de Mostaganem -Algérie Tel : +213 45 821921 E-mail : HNOURBENFETTA@YAHOO.FR Professeur, Université de Blida Algérie Tel: + 213 25 43 39 40; Fax:+213 25 43 11 64 E-mail : reminib@yahoo.fr Ingénieur d'Etat, Université de Mostaganem -Algérie E-mail : r.djamila@live.fr Maitre de conférences, Université de Mostaganem -Algérie E-mail : laridside@yahoo.fr Abstract : Some Algerian dams are faced with the problem of water loss. The study of this phenomenon is of great importance because it may endanger the stability of the dam and reduce its effective capacity. This applies to the Private Client dam Gargar. Located in arid zhun where water resources are increasingly rare. This dam, located in the wilaya of Relizane, 5 km south-west of the town of Oued Rhiou is known for these losses in water. With a capacity approaching 450 hm3, the dam of Gargar is intended to increase the degree of regularization of the Wadi Rhiou and supply water to the wilaya of Oran and 15 localities of Relizane and Mostaganem. However, the dam has never reached its maximum level is threatened by water loss and whose importance is clear evolution in time. The volume of loss was estimated at 22 hm3, which corresponds to a considerable volume of water lost. In this study, we present an observation of the problem of losses through the dam Gargar and the results of a physico-chemical study. Finally we attempt to analyze the variation of losses based on the rating of the dam due to a leakage, siltation and intense evaporation (photos 1). Keywords: Water loss, water leakages, siltation, evaporation, dam, Gargar, Algeria. |
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2010-476 THE PROBLEM OF POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METALS AND POSSIBLE RISKS RELATED TO THAT IN WATERSHEDS WITH THE DEVELOPED METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY Astghik Danielyan 1 1 Dep. of Ecology and Nature Protection of Faculty of Biology of Yerevan State University, Armenia Abstract: Today we are witnesses of the unprecedented sharp changes as global, as local scales. Pollution of surface waters, not complete management of water resources are really problems in the field of water resources management in Armenia. Debed river watershed basin is one of the important economical centers of Armenia and stands out with developed industry, especially metallurgical and agriculture. All of these cause serious ecological and environmental problems, especially when the waste management mainly absents in area of the watershed basin. The Debed river is a transboundary river and has an also regional importance. The objectives of researches are to study the level of pollution with heavy metals and possible risks related to that in the Debed river watershed basin. Researches have been passed from 2004 to 2008. According to the researches in studied rivers of the Debed river watershed basin the exceeds of Maximum Permissible Concentrations have observe from heavy metals for iron, copper, manganese, lead, zinc and for chromium. It is distinctive that concentration of cooper has exceeded the MPC in the river Debed during all the months of researches, where is developed the metallurgical industry in area of the watershed basin. The passed researches have revealed that as for stream of the main rivers of the Debed river watershed basin in the waters observe two uneven raises of heavy metal concentrations after the cities Vanadzor and Alaverdy. On 2006 in all sampling points of the studied rivers were observed ecosystems' conditions deterioration especially after the cities Vanadzor and Alaverdi. According to results of the researches ecosystems of the studied rivers can not conquer the recent level of anthropogenic pressure in the Debed river watershed basin sufficiently, which causes also decrease of cleanoneself possibility of rivers. Key words: water pollution, heavy metals, watershed, ecosystem |
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2010-096 WATER DATA MANAGEMENT / DISSEMINATION FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN NEW SOUTH WALES
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2010-394 ECOHYDROLOGY OF DYNAMIC WETLANDS IN AN AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE:A WHOLE OF SYSTEM APPROACH FOR UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS Jarrod Kath 1, Andrew Le Brocque 1, Craig Miller 2 1 Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments / Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 2 Biodiversity Conservation, Management and Implementation, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Abstract: Increasing rates of water extraction and regulation of hydrologic processes, coupled with destruction of natural vegetation, pollution and climate change, are jeopardizing the future persistence of wetlands and the ecological and socio-economic functions they support. Globally, it is estimated that 50% of wetlands have been lost since the 1900's, with agricultural change being the main cause. In some agricultural areas of Australia, losses as high as 98% have occurred. Wetlands remaining in agricultural landscapes suffer significant degradation and their resilience and ability to continue functioning under hydrologic and land use changes resulting from climate change may be significantly inhibited as a result. However, information on floodplain wetlands in agricultural landscapes is poor and knowledge of how ecological functioning and resilience may change under future land use intensification and climate change is lacking. These knowledge gaps pose significant problems for the future sustainable management of biodiversity and agricultural activities which rely on the important services supplied by wetland ecosystems. This research evaluates the impact that hydrology and land use have on the perennial vegetation associated with wetlands in an agricultural landscape in south-east Queensland, Australia. A range of hydrological and land use variables were collated using a GIS and used in a bayesian modeling averaging approach to generate generalised linear models for vegetation response variables. Connectivity with the river and hydrological variability had consistently significant positive relationships with vegetation cover and abundance. Land use practices, such as irrigated agriculture and grazing, had consistently significant negative impacts. Consequently, to understand how climate change will impact on the eco-hydrological functioning of wetlands, both hydrological and land use changes need to be considered. Results from this research will now be used to investigate how resilient these systems will be to different potential scenarios of climate change. Key words: wetlands, vegetation, hydrology, agriculture |
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2010-396 DRIVERS OF WETLAND HYDROLOGY AT THE LANDSCAPE SCALE: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY Jarrod Kath 1, Andrew Le Brocque 1, Craig Miller 2 1 Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments / Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 2 Biodiversity Conservation, Management and Implementation, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Abstract: Throughout a landscape a hydrological variability between and within wetlands is important for water dependent biota, as it maintains a wide range of habitats. Species require different hydrological conditions at different stages in their life history in order to reproduce and survive in a landscape. However, intensification of agricultural practices, such as groundwater extraction, stream flow regulation and vegetation clearing often leads to a reduction in both the number and hydrological diversity of wetland types in a landscape, essentially reducing the amount of habitat available for many species. Remaining wetlands in the landscape are often hydrologically homogenized and far less variable than under natural conditions and as consequence many species are no longer able to persist in the landscape over the long term. However, many studies only observe wetland hydrology at relatively small spatial and temporal scales. Consequently, there is little knowledge about processes important for maintaining wetland hydrological variability at the landscape scale. To help address this knowledge gap we examined the hydrological characteristics of wetlands in an agricultural landscape of south-east Queensland Australia. Wetland hydrology metrics, relating to annual variability and inundation frequency, were derived from remote data for 255 wetlands throughout the region and modeled with spatially derived explanatory variables. Hydrological metrics relating to surface water flows, catchment characteristics, groundwater and extraction activities (i.e. groundwater bores) were modeled with wetland hydrology metrics to determine significant landscape scale drivers of wetland hydrology. The results of the study will be used in future research to help understand the impact that climate change and future agriculture activities will have on wetland hydrology and biota in agricultural landscapes. |
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2010-280 Water Management in Aflaj system under changing climate change
1 University of South Australia, Australia Abstract: The Aflaj systems are an indigenous engineering technique for an ancient irrigation system in Oman. These were created by the ancient Omanis civilisation hundreds of years ago to supply water for irrigation and domestic use and have become an important part of the Omanis social life and heritage. Climate change has had a profound effect on the Middle East and has led to a rise in temperature, a drop in rainfall and droughts and heat waves in recent years. The 2008 Stockholm World Water Week and the third Water WDR concluded that “The main impacts of climate change on humans and the environment occur through water”. The effect of climate change in the Aflaj system is reflected by a degradation of Falaj numbers and a noticeable reduction of water flow which is being seen as a warning and that it is time to commence taking steps to reduce the effect of climate change and save these systems from extinction. The research shows the effect of climate change on the Aflaj system and examines the risks associated with climate change and its impacts on the Aflaj system. Given the importance of the Aflaj system to the Omanis society, the research highlights the potential negative effects and recommends strategies to mitigate the risks. The strategy recommends better water management through improved water demand management, irrigation efficiency. The data analysis shows that rainfall in resent years takes storm type in most cases therefore, it recommended harvesting more runoff through constructing recharge dams. More efforts should be given for the use of water saving technology. With all of these measures, impact of climate change on Aflaj system can be reduced. Key words: Drought Management, climate change, water Management |
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2010-566 CHARACTERIZING GROUNDWATER DYNAMICS IN WESTERN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA USING MENYANTHES SOFTWARE Yohannes Woldeyohannes 1, John Webb 1 1 La Trobe University, Environmental geoscience, Bundoora, Vic, Australia Abstract: Water table across much of the western Victoria, Australia have been declining for at least the last 10-15 years, and this is attributed to the consistently low rainfall for these years, but over the same period of time there has been substantial change in land use, with grazing land replaced by cropping and tree plantations appearing in some areas. Hence, it is important to determine the relative effect the climate and land use factors on the water table changes. In this study, a standardized computer package Menyanthes was used for quantifying the influence of climatic variables on the groundwater level, statistically estimating trends in groundwater levels and identify the properties that determine the dynamics of groundwater system. In this approach, the spatial differences in the groundwater system are determined by the system properties, while temporal variation is driven by the dynamics of the input into the system. Overall, the model fitted the data well, explaining 89% (median value of R2) of variation in groundwater level using the climatic variables left without significant trend (-0.046 m/yr, on average), which is within the range of variable input standard error. The model output parameter values characterized by their moments. The zero-order moment Mo of a distribution function is its area and M1 is related to the mean of the impulse response function. The relation is M1/Mo. It is a measure of the system's memory. It takes approximately 3 times the mean time (M1/Mo) for the effect of a shower to disappear completely from the system. The average estimated system response is 5.2 years which is less than by 1/10th of the previously estimated. From a time series analysis there is no indication that the groundwater table was rising/falling due to changes in landuse, at least not during the observation period. Key words: Climate, landuse, water table, modeling |
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2010-183 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE HYDROLOGY OF AN ALPINE CATCHMENT, ASSESSED FROM AN ENSEMBLE OF REGIONAL CLIMATE MODELS Abstract: Key words: Climate change, Hydrology, Uncertainty, Stream flow |
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2010-239 FLOOD WARNINGS FOR RAILWAYS IN AUSTRIA Abstract:Thomas Nester 1, Andreas Schabel 2, Ulrike Drabek 1, Robert Kirnbauer 1 1 Institute for Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria 2 Institute for Railway Engineering, Transport Economics and Cableways, Vienna University of Technology, Austria In August 2002 a passenger train was stopped by a flood wave at the river Salzach between Werfen and Golling (Salzburg). In August 2005, railway tracks were destroyed by a flood in Western Austria and caused a freight train to derail, in the east of the country floods along the river March (Lower Austria) set railway tracks under water. As a consequence of these events, the Austrian railway company decided to establish a warning system in which existing forecasting models were included. A pilot project of such a warning system showed that an effective flood warning could have been issued in sufficient time for the 2002 event in Salzburg. As existing warning systems supply forecasts for gauges along the river, this information has to be transferred to critical locations along the track. Therefore, the identification of dangerous sections along the railway tracks had to be carried out in a first step. This was achieved by combining data from different sources in a GIS application. The forecasted runoff was combined with additional steady and unsteady hydraulic river stage simulations taking into account the contribution of the catchment area between the gauge and the critical location to calculate critical water levels along the reach for the event of August 2002. This method was then used to identify endangered parts in the entire Austrian railway network. Key words: flood warning system, hydraulic simulation, GIS |
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2010-240 REAL TIME HYDROLOGIC FLOOD FORECASTS FOR THE DANUBE TRIBUTARIES IN AUSTRIA Thomas Nester 1, Ulrike Drabek 1, Dieter Gutknecht 1, Robert Kirnbauer 1 1 Institute for Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Abstract: In 2002, a 100 year flood at the Austrian Danube and some of its tributaries has caused significant damage. As a consequence and to fulfil future flood management strategies flood forecasting systems were developed for several Danube tributaries in Upper Austria and Lower Austria. The forecasting model shown includes all Austrian Danube tributaries and has been in operational use since 2006. The paper gives a general overview of the hydrologic flood forecasting model for the Danube tributaries. Runoff is estimated for all tributaries to the Austrian Danube with a total size of more than 90.000 km˛. The model is based on a conceptual water balance model. The catchments are divided into sub basins with sizes ranging from 25 km² to 42.000 km˛ according to on-line available gauging stations. Hourly data from 90 discharge gauges from 2003 to 2009 were used to calibrate the runoff in the catchments. Precipitation and temperature data were provided by the Austrian Meteorological Service as areal mean values for the same period. MODIS-Data are used to verify the output of the snow routine. Simulation results from different calibration periods are shown. Hydrologic forecasts are based on meteorological forecasts, also provided on an hourly basis by the Austrian Meteorological Service. Both deterministic and ensemble forecasts cover a time span of 48 hours. A real time updating procedure based on ensemble Kalman filtering is implemented to have the best state variables of the model at the beginning of an event. The results of the hydrologic forecasting model provide the basis for a hydraulic 1D-model of the Danube river. Key words: real-time, hydrologic flood forecasting |
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2010-317 THE WATER INFORMATION SYSTEM AUSTRIA Stephan Nemetz 1 1 Federal Environment Agency, Austria Abstract: The awareness of the importance of an intact environment and the wish to get accurate and actual information of the water quality and the availability of the water resource has tremendously risen in the last decades. Also the legal regulations in many countries and especially in the Europe Union have been following these needs. Environmental information shall be well accessible, understandable and inform at the scale of the citizen´s interest. On the example of the Water Information System Austria (WISA) will the presentation inform about ways of involving and informing the citizen about topics of the water management via the internet and about the current chosen way of data collection, data management, data aggregation and data presentation in the water sector of Austria. There will be discussed the future needs of the public and the European Community and given a perspective of the system´s future development. The main tasks will deal with: - Description of Data collection by the example of water quality data in Austria - Dissemination of water data from sectoral data bases to a central data ware house - Public participation for the development of the national river basin management plan - Access to the water data for users of the public and for expert users - Visualisation of water data in WISA - The current and future design of WISA Key words: Data management, Water Information System |
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2010-333 THE RAAB FLOOD FORECASTING STRUCTURE – IMPROVING INTERNATIONAL FLOOD MANAGEMENT Christophe Ruch 1, Robert Schatzl 2,Karl Maracek 3, Gregers Jorgensen 4, Christian Reszler 1, Walter Poltnig 1, Christian Pohl 5 1 JOANNEUM RESEARCH - Institute of Water Resources Management, Austria 2 Amt der Steiermarkischen Landesregierung, Austria 3 Amt der Burgenlandischen Landesregierung, Austria 4 DHI Water & Environment, Denmark 5 DHI-WASY GmbH, Germany Abstract: The Raab Flood Forecasting System generation is a project with European dimensions. The Raab watershed extends over two countries: Austria and Hungary whereas the last one is located downstream compared to Austria. Due to these geographical characteristics the probability for a flood genesis is much more significant in Austria than in the Hungary but the related flooding risks are distributed over the entire watershed. The project Flood Forecasting Raab gives a concrete example of international cooperation in the field of Flood management The structure in development will be build out of one International Flood Forecasting Centre and four regional centres. It illustrates how a trans-boundary flood forecasting system can operate. The main element is the International Flood Forecasting Centre installed in Graz (Austria) where all the necessary online data and meteorological forecasts will be automatically collected and formatted for the simulations. Furthermore, each hour will start a simulation with a forecasted time of two days whereas the main results will be published on the internet. The complete model setup and the results will be transferred to the four regional centres. Therefore, on these regional centres it will be possible to analyse detailed results and to develop local scenarios using for example modified meteorological forecasts or other initial conditions. This technical solution allows a perfect synchronisation for online data, pre and posts processing files, information and results from the simulations between all five Flood Forecasting Centres. It contributes therefore to a noticeable improvement for information organisation between Austria and Hungary and should be considered as a new method for Flood and Risk management. The new communication strategy coupled with the automatic and continuous modelling as well as the result publication on the internet delivers a concrete example for Flood prevention and resources management that can be transferred to other trans-boundary watersheds. Key words: Flood forecasting, International Basin, Raab River |
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2010-102 INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT TO SOLVE THE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON DRAINAGE CONGESTION – A CASE STUDY IN SAGARKHALI PROJECT (BANGLADESH) AFM Afzal Hossain 1, Goutam Chandra Mridha 1 1 Institute of Water Modelling, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract: Abstract A better drainage facilities in an irrigation project is very essential for managing the multiple functions of land and water resources in order to achieve an optimal mix of economic and social gains, sustainable natural resources management and a healthy environment due to climate change. Participatory Rural Approaches and mathematical modelling techniques are both necessary to model the interactions between stakeholders and water resources. A detailed modelling and feasibility study on Sagarkhali-Borobeela Drainage Project demonstrates on solving the severe problem of drainage congestion at Sagarkhali basin in the G-K project area which is located in the South–West region of Bangladesh. The construction of the Ganges irrigation canal reduced the drainage of Chapaibeel but obstructed the natural drainage of about 37,500 ha of Sagarkhali basin the low–lying area upstream of the Ganges canal causing drainage congestion problem. This study, addresses the issues leading to the resolution of the conflict through use of mathematical models based on people's participation and to increase agricultural and fish productions, thereby improving the living conditions of the people of the project area in an integrated way. Integrated mathematical model has been calibrated and validated for the study area and different technical options for improvement have been developed. The options identified and subsequently clarified through questionnaire survey of the "socio-economic and environmental studies" were tested eventually through model runs. Ten technical options for drainage improvement have been tested to find out the feasible options. Only few technically promising options have been tested for the feasibility criterion e.g. sociology, agriculture, fisheries, environment and economic analysis. People's participatory based workshop was conducted to seek consensus from them so that the conflict may be resolved in an amicable manner. Findings from the selected options along with flood maps generated which were discussed at the people's participatory workshop. People from both upper and lower riparian reaches participated in the workshop to reach upon a consensus view on the final option, which is mutually acceptable to them. Model study along with peoples participatory workshop suggested the option in mitigating drainage problem in Sagarkhali area through the construction of a syphon under main Ganges irrigation canal to drain Sagarkhali basin through Chapaibeel, Kumar river. From the findings, a syphyon along with a part of recommended option have been constructed for Sagarkhali basin area and found satisfactory performance. Key words: Participatory Rural Approaches, Mathematical Modelling, Stakeholders |
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2010-110 QUALITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION TRADE-OFF IN THE FLOODPLAIN
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Key words: Trade off, management conflict, natural resource management, floodplain
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2010-725 ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION FROM POOR PEOPLES' PERSPECTIVE – A CASE STUDY OF BANGLADESH Sudip Pal Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Raozan, Bangladesh Abstract: Bangladesh is likely to be one of the most vulnerable countries in the world in the event of climate change. A number of studies on the impact of climate changes in Bangladesh exist. However, quite a few details have been found discussed in this real impact on identified coastal areas victims. In this paper, the households' opinions based on what they noticed or can reveal due to climate change issues were examined. To explore clear picture at root level of potentially affected areas of natural hazards and vulnerable for any degree of climate change, a survey was designed to gauge households' reactions to a possible impact, consequences and plans to engage poor people who are mostly affected along the coastal belt. During March 2008 to June 2008, the two coastal districts of Bhola and Patuakhali in Bangladesh were visited and surveyed several times to take a snapshot of how poor families are experiencing the changing climate, and how they might deal with this in the future. Based on the survey results, it has been revealed from the widespread insight from ordinary villagers that the climate was already changing, particularly in its unpredictability compared to 10 or 20 years ago, and the extremes it can reach. They report cyclones, unpredictable weather, the threat of salt water intrusion from sea level rise, and unpredictable and concentrated rainfall causing more flooding than usual or flooding at unusual times of the year. It has been further noted that poor peoples at root level are real sufferers undoing any harm to the environment related to climate change issues. Additionally, study found that any adaptive measures in these coastal areas for that potentially affected people should be focused according to there perspective so as to ensure successful implementation and long term operation. Key words: Climate change, Hydrology, Poors, Adaptation |
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2010-172 CLIMATE CHANGE & WATER RESOURCES:RISK & RISK MANAGEMENT - GUYANA Abstract: Key words: sea level rise, surface water, ground water |
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2010-089 FILLING GAPS AND DISACCUMULATION OF PRECIPITATION DATA FOR RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL
Key words: Pirai River, linear regression, multiple linear regression, disaccumulation, error reduction
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2010-253 WEISS, A WATER EMISSION INVENTORY PLANNING SUPPORT SYSTEM AIMED AT REDUCING THE POLLUTION OF WATER BODIES Leen Van Esch 1, Greet Vos 2, Guy Engelen 1 1 VITO, Geel, Belgium 2 VMM, Belgium Abstract: The European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) commits the EU Member States to achieve and maintain a clean and well-managed water environment by 2015. Monitoring and reporting about the water quality in the water bodies of Flanders (the northern part of Belgium) is the responsibility of the Flemish Environment Agency (VMM). To be able to keep track of all significant emission sources, a Water Emission Inventory planning Support System is currently under development in collaboration with the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO). A first prototypical study on the quantification of heavy metal emissions generated by the corrosion of building materials provided the fundaments for the conceptual framework of WEISS. As of January 2010, the project is partly financed by the EU-Life+ programme. WEISS is to result in a methodology and supporting instrument generically applicable in the EU Member States or parts thereof. WEISS operates at a high geographical resolution (1 ha grid) and integrates all relevant emission sources, all transport routes, and a planning support module. The latter enables accounting for the pollutants in distinctive nodes of the pathways as required by the monitoring and reporting tasks, but also, the assessment of various technical and policy measures aimed at reducing the pollution loads in the water bodies. For each source and pollutant, WEISS proceeds in three consecutive steps: spatial allocation of the source, computation of the pathways and production of accounts in distinctive nodes of the pathways. For every step, specific algorithms are applied. They are implemented as part of model blocks stored in a model library. For every emission source the appropriate model blocks are selected and chained to perform the required calculations. This modular approach allows to add new sources and new pathways. Key words: WFD - emission inventory - WEISS - high geographical resolution - model blocks |
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2010-676 FLOOD RISK MAPPING FOR EFFECTIVE FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT IN RENI, UKRAINE Veronique Vandenberghe 1, Pieter jeroen Bart 1, Igor Studennikov 2, Roman Sizo 2, Mikhail Kornilov 3 1 Soresma nv, Belgium 2 Center for regional studies, Ukraine 3 Danube Hydrometeorological Observatory, Ukraine Abstract: In this paper we describe the procedures and data acquisition of flood risk mapping to come to an effective flood risk management in Reni. This work is a part of a Flemish funded project named "Building capacities for effective flood risk management in the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta". The aims of this project are 1) share expertise about flood risk mapping, emergency management and damage calculation 2) create better flood prevention and protection plans for the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta 3) contribute to the set up of an integrated flood risk management plan in line with the WFD and EU Flood Risk Directive and 4) assist with capacity building and community involvement to flood risk management. The area of Reni was chosen as a case study for several reasons. It is a community where during a flood not only 80000 population and housing are at risk but also a harbour and a water intake for water supply can suffer severe damage. Many factors need to be taken into account because the risk of flooding comes from two sources, and the combination of both can lead to heavy damage during flooding. It is caused at one hand by high water level in the Danube, with associated risk of dike breaches and on the other hand, as an extra threat, the risk for flash floods caused by rainfall runoff during rain storms in the hills. The flood risk assessment for this region is done in 4 steps. It consists of determining 1) the probability of flooding; 2) determining the flood extent and the flood depth; 3) determining the economic damage due to flooding and 4) determining the societal impact due to flooding. For all these steps a lot of data are necessary. Regional authorities and the Meteorological Institute are involved to collect the data. Local stakeholders are involved to be able to assess the damage and societal impacts. To be able to get reliable results, lot of data are missing and within this project recommendations for data collection and the use of existing earth observation are formulated to come to an effective risk assessment. It is the aim to create a flood risk map of the region and to present a set of recommendations to be able to set up in the near future an online flood forecasting system. Key words: flood risk, flood risk mapping, flood forecasting, data colletion |
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2010-112 MOBILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF WATER RESOURCES IN DISTRICT OF LISSAZOUNME (BENIN) Ibouraima Yabi 1, Gislain Ayena 1, Fulgence Afouda 1 1 LACEEDE/DGAT/UAC, Benin Anstract: In the district of Lissazounme, the problems of water supply are still recurring and it is important to arrest the modes of mobilization and management of water resources by the populations. The inquiries of ground with the populations and the other actors allowed to collect the data and the information on the modes of mobilization, preservation, usage, and management of water resources in the environment of study. Individual interviews, investigations of groups, and participating observation were the techniques are used. The data processing and the information was remitted in the use of the statistical and cartographic tools. The results show that the District of Lissazounmč is characterized by the absence of rivers and plans of water and a geologic context which does not facilitate the access to the groundwater. These two constraints make naturally difficult the water supply of the populations of Lissazounmč. In front of this situation, the populations developed strategies (holes of water, traditional wells, tanks, etc.) who allow them to collect rainwaters. These waters of already doubtful origin are preserved in traditional bowls (jars, basins, tins, etc.), what exposes the populations to water affections. It is thus advisable that the local and central authorities conjugate their efforts to help the populations to reach the drinking water within the framework of the Management Integrated Water resources (GIRE). Key words: Lissazounme (Benin), resource in water, mobilization, management, difficulties |
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2010-146 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES IN THE UPPER BASIN OF OKPARA IN BENIN (WEST AFRICA)
Key words: Climate change, water, vulnerability, upper basin of Okpara, Benin
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2010-307 BIOCLIMATIC VARIABILITY
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2010-497 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CONSTRAINTS ON SURFACE WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY IN OUEME RIVER BASIN (REPUBLIC OF BENIN) Blaise Donou 1 1 Laboratoire Pierre PAGNEY, Climat, Eau, Ecosysteme et Developpement (LACEEDE) Universite d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin Abstract: The climate variability in West Africa and in Benin, has an impact on the available water resources on a level with great river systems in Benin during these three last decades. This survey aims at evaluating the impacts of climate constraints on the availability of the surface water resources in basin of Oueme. To proceed with this evaluation, climate data made up of rain heights, temperatures and of the Real Evaporation of the statistical set 1951-2000, and the hydrologic data have been treated and analysed. In this context, the rainfall irregularities, the climate and the hydrologic balance in the basin have been determined. The results’ assessment shows a decrease of rain heights; the increase of temperatures and the Evaporation on analyse of statistical set. On the 1951-2000 set, rain heights have decreased between 12 and 20 percent, whereas temperatures are marked with an augmentation varying between 2 and 4 percent at the basin stations level. This situation leads to a deficiency of the climate balance for many years. Due to that fact, one can experience a deficit of the outflow, and a poor hydrologic balance in the Ouémé river basin. The decrease of the surface water resources availability leads to some social and economic problems in the basin. Key words: Climate constraints, surface water resources, deficit, Oueme river basin, Benin |
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2010-542 PROBLEMS OF DRAFT AND USE OF RAIN WATERS IN GIRE APPROACH IN ALLADA (BENIN) Etene Cyr Gervais 1, Boko Michel 1 1 Laboratoire de Climatologie DGAT-UAC, Benin Abstract: In Benin, the resources surface water available for the people's consumption is estimated at 13 billion m3 but, the level of mobilization of these resources is only neared 5 %. With an annual pluviometry estimated at 1300mm the town of Allada is confronted with a serious problem of supply water, and this paradox deserves a serious reflexion. The rainfall records collected with the direction of meteorology were treated by statistical tools. The empiric investigations are focused on discussion with various actors (populations, local authorities, agents of cleansing, etc). Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) was used in contribution with the others participating observations. The analyses show that the climatic assessment is positive six (06) months during which, rain water largely exceeds the needs for the populations. During the dry season, water becomes so rare and the populations endure difficulties to reach water for drink and for other uses. To define strategies to mobilize rain water during the abundance season for report various uses, is the framework of integrated management of the water resources, essential for human sustainable development tools. Key words: Allada, water rain, mobilization, GIRE |
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2010-243 EVALUATION OF WATER TEMPERATURE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN REGIMES IN RIVER NERETVA Lejla Ridanovic 1, Sanel Ridanovic 1, Damir Jurica 1, Pavle Spasojevic 1 1 Teacher Training Faculty, Dzemal Bijedic University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: Neretva is the longest karst river (230 m) in the Dinaric Alps, and the largest river draining the eastern part of the Adriatic basin. It is of great economic importance for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Neretva river basin is internationally recognised for its ecological value and outstandingly rich biodiversity, including numerous endemic and relict species. Being one of the most picturesque rivers in Europe, Neretva is becoming increasingly popular tourist destination, offering various recreational activities, and cultural/historic sights, such as the UNESCO heritage site – the Old Bridge of Mostar. However urban growth and industrial, agricultural and power development have had a negative impact on the ecology of Neretva basin. The amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) and water temperature are two fundamental parametres of river productivity, and important indication of the overall river health. They are limiting factors for functioning of the ecosystem and are often used as indicators of water quality. A stream's oxygen and temperature patterns not only influence the physical and chemical qualities of a stream but the sources and quantities of nutrients, as well as the types of organisms that inhabit it. The present study aimed to monitor and characterise the water temperature and DO patterns upstream, downstream, and at selected sites, within, the city of Mostar. The annual data was collected with measurements conducted at monthly intervals, from September 2008 to September 2009. The main findings of the study suggest that Neretva is well oxygenated at the assessed sites. Consistently high DO values and percentual oxygen saturation were obtained accross the sites, with insignificant flux values. DO levels follow cyclical oscillations and seasonal variations in water temperature. The peak DO values coincide with troughs in temperature. Neretva is a stable ecosystem capable of supporting abundant aquatic biota. Key words: dissolved oxygen, Neretva, biodiversity, oxygen saturation, ecosystem |
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2010-302 APPLICATION OF GPS AND GIS METHODS IN THE PROCESS OF WATER MANAGEMENT Slobodanka Kljucanin 1, Emina Hadzic 1, Dzenana Bijedic 1 1 Faculty of Civil Engineering Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: Since the classical methods in handling spatial data showed significant limitations, it is necessary to introduce new technologies that enable better and more reliable analysis of the hydrology, complex and extensive knowledge of the complex interactions of water, nature and man, and assist in the development of alternatives for future strategic and operational water management and economic activities. In this article, on the example of hydropower potential investigation in drilled water well are shown interoperability and applicability of the recording method of GPS and GIS in water management processes. Article deals with used GPS devices and methods of recording, GIS, transformation of GPS results, ie, data collection, their analysis and processing, and display in GIS environment and Oracle database. Key words: water management, GPS, GIS, database |
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2010-340 ASSOCIATION HYDROCHARI-NYMPHOIDETUM PELTATAE SLAVNIC 1956 IN THE RAMSAR AREA OF BARDACA Zlatan Kovacevic 1, 1 University of Banja Luka - Faculty of Agriculture, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: This paper present forms and floristic composition, biologic spectrum and arealtypes spectrum of association Hydrochari-Nymphoidetum peltatae Slavnic 1956 in the seven fishponds of Ramsar area of Bardaca. Floristic structure of association Hydrochari-Nymphoidetum peltatae Slavnic 1956 association represent specific attribute to this area. Sesonal dinamic is characterized by two aspects: green aspect (Jun - July) and yellow aspect that occurs during flowering period of association Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) Ktze. (July - September). Those aggregations cover edges toward emerse vegetation and depending of water depth they could be found along side of association Trapetum natantis Müller et Görs 1960. In the terms of time during successional processes they stay along side to association Nymphaeetum albo-luteae Nowinski 1928. Floristic composition of those associations are poor and consist of 15 plant species, where their number in some cases can be between 5 and 7 species. Beside apsolute dominantion of edifactor Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) Ktze. main floristic attribute in floating layer is characterized by Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. and Trapa natans L. Submersion layer is consist of: Ceratophyllum demersum L., Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Najas marina L. Criptophytes are dominant life form of this assotiation. Initial stage of this association in shallow water indicate their relation with pond vegetation. It could be initial stage in contaminated waters where they present constant stage addopted to specific local conditions without possibilities for further development. Key words: Floating vegetation, sinmorphology, sinecology, Bardaca |
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2010-409 APPROACH TO RIVER REGULATION UNDER THE NEW CONDITIONS Emina Hadzic 1, Slobodanka Kljucanin 1, Dzenana Bijedic 2 1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Architectural Faculty Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: The current technical solutions are mainly based on the engineering approach to design, and the performance of hydro-technical works on watercourses. In doing so, account was taken largely on the success of functioning, without taking into account the long-term consequences that may primarily affect the ecological, social, cultural, and political or any other plan. Consequently, the paper will make a brief analysis of the conditions of watercourses in BiH, and the present reflects the EU directive on the protection of the water and on IWRM. Special attention will be paid to the Directive on the management of flood risk, with special emphasis on environmentally acceptable arrangement of watercourses. Key words: river regulation, environmentally acceptable, EU Directive |
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2010-445 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION CAUSED BY THE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES' SIDE EFFECTS – ORIGINS AND SOLUTIONS Dzenana Bijedic 1, Emina Hadzic 2, Slobodanka Kljucanin 2 1 Faculty of architecture, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: Built structures 'steal' parts of the natural environment, and at the same time they are becoming an integral part of it. Misbalanced relations between those two systems have negative effects on all natural ecosystems. Consequently, disrespect of ecological constrains in creating built structures often results in unhealthy indoor environment within designed systems. This is making people feel unwell at times and possibly contributing to cancer and immune disorders. The impact of the building industry on the global environment is increasingly becoming more intrusive in terms of energy use, and depletion of natural resources, as well as water, air, and soil pollution caused by building construction and operation. Contemporary building practice only recently started dealing with problems of environmental degradation caused by the building processes' side effects. The main characteristic of conventional designing and buildings' construction approaches is fragmentation, which resulted from increasing specializations in the professional disciplines. At the same time the ecological, environmentally sound approach requires the architects to apply the integrated building delivery process, with understanding and respecting basic principles of sustainability. Although different in description of achieving desired excellence, the sets of principles essentially direct strategies towards six major issues of sustainability: 1) site; 2) water; 3) energy; 4) indoors air quality; 5) building materials; and 6) waste. The success in achieving green building objectives relates to proper and timely addressing these six key topics. Contemporary builders must foster a team approach to sustainable built environment. The sustainable team's members must seek constant improvements by sharing knowledge through direct and open communication within the team, as well as within wider community of all concerned parties. The goal of this is to link long-term sustainable considerations with ethical responsibility, and to reestablish the integral relationship between natural processes and human activities. A comprehensive multidisciplinary partnership must be created. Key words: environmental degradation, construction, architectural delivery process, sustainability, site, water, energy, indoor air quality, building materials, waste |
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2010-462 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PROKOSKO LAKE'S SEDIMENTS Esma Velagic Habul 1, Enisa Omanovic Miklicanin 1, Josip Jurkovic 1, Walter Dorfler 2 1 Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Institut fur Ur-u.Fruhjeschuhte University of Kiel, Germany Abstract: The glacial lake Prokosko is situated at the mountain Vranica, Central Bosnia, on 1630 m a.s. It is surrounded by shepherds' huts, many still used today as they have been for centuries, to house shepherds and their flocks during summer period. Today it is attracting public and tourists that have negative impact to its very sensitive biodiversity and accelerates its eutrophication. Some microbiological and chemical water analysis has been done but never any analysis of sediments. The sediments coring had been undertaken in summer 2007 aimed at getting some inside to the geology and chemistry of the lake. The alumina platform had been constructed on the spot, founded as the deepest one (11,7 m), by sonar investigation. The coring was performed up to the geological basis 23,7m deep, resulting in cores of some 12 m long. The first cores investigations were made on spot (color, photos), after properly marked, packed and transported to the lab. In the lab the cores had been divided in 95 samples, in accordance to the color and visible layers distribution. The samples were weighed, dried (determination of water content) and subjected to the elemental analysis by AAS, after aqua regia digestion. Key words: sediment, AAS, aqua regia digestion, mountain lake |
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2010-515 BLIDINJE LAKE - SOME CHEMICAL AND HYDROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Anita Ivankovic 1, Esma Velagic Habul 2, Dubravka Hafner 3, Zrinka Knezovic 1 1 Faculty of Agronomy and Food Technology University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Faculty of Science and Education, Department of Biology, University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: Blidinje with area of some 38o ha, is the biggest mountain lake in B&H, issued as Natural Park in 1995. Its altitude (1185 m) and very small depth (in average 0,5 m) results in very changeable volume that has enormous impact to its chemistry and biology. Unfortunately, very few data exist for this beautiful lake, nowadays very important touristic area. The paper aims at providing more insight in its chemical and microbiological characteristics during the year, which could contribute to its protection and special prevention from its further degradation, and help in its sustainable management The paper presents some physical, chemical and biological properties of the lake's water. The water, sampled on 5 locations, were analysed on temperature, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), Secchi depth, turbidity, suspended matter, conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, acidity, NO2-,NO3-, NH4+, total nitrogen (TN), SO42-, Fe, SiO2, PO43-, total phosphorous (TP), Chl a and phytoplankton. Key words: mountain lake, physical-chemical properties of water, chlorophyll a, phytoplancton |
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2010-595 SUSTAINABLE USE OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS AND PRESERVATION OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Dragana Pecanac 1 1 University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: The agro-industrial sub-sector of medicinal and aromatic plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina is dominated by wild-collection that has been important for centuries. At least 160 – 170 medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) species are native to BiH, where most are still collected. Approximately 100 000 people are involved in the collection of medicinal and aromatic plants. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants and sustainable use as well as to investigate and evaluate the perceptions of traditional practices and their implications on MAPs biodiversity in BiH, including the ways of its preservation. The study was conducted between July 2006 and November 2006 and covered the main collecting areas at northern part of Bosnia and region of Herzegovina as a survey where collectors and herbalists/buyers of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) from these two regions were interviewed. From northern part of Bosnia are interviewed ten herbalists/buyers and 20 collectors from surroundings of following towns: Bihać, Bosanski Petrovac, Drvar, Ključ, Prijedor, Banja Luka and Kotor Varoš. From Herzegovina region were interviewed ten herbalists/buyers and 20 collectors from surroundings of Mostar, Ljubuški, Stolac, Ljubinje and Trebinje. Direct exploitation and poverty of local people become the main threat to sustainable use of MAPs including habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation, loss of genetic diversity and lack of knowledge. The study also shows that collectors with longer tradition in collection and longer personal experience are more likely to collect in more sustainable manner. Nevertheless, difficult economic situation of the collectors might force them to collect unsustainably. One of the possible solutions for the future is cultivation of some MAPs including conservation efforts, in situ and ex situ, and more state involvement in this issue. Key words: collectors, herbalists, medicinal and aromatic plants, sustainability, traditional knowledge |
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2010-645 THE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND AIR POLLUTION ON THE RAINFALL REGIME IN B&H Dzenan Zulum 1, Zeljko Majstorovic 1, Mediha Voloder 1 1 Federal Hydrometeorological Institute, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: We studied the rainfall regime during the working week at three sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo, Tuzla and Ivan Sedlo. Sarajevo and Tuzla are industrial center with a typical emissions into the atmosphere, which is the greatest during the working week, and some decreases over the weekend. Ivan Saddle altitude weather station is outside the urban area. We observed a correlation between the days of the week and the amount of precipitation, with emphasis on the maximum amount of rainfall and the occurrence of showers. It is shown that the correlation is not great but still exists. Minimum rainfall registered during the weekend. The largest increase was recorded at the beginning of the working week and the maxima observed on Tuesday and Wednesday. This is not the case with the number of days with precipitation, which further underscores the importance of the previous conclusion as to naturally expected that these two parameters to a greater statistical correlation. To confirm these results link with the amount of air pollution in these three cells, we compared the results with measurements of air pollution, and obtained a similar correlation. Key words: rainfall, human activities, air pollution, week |
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2010-663 DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Branko Vucijak 1, Natasa Smolar 2, Francesca Antonelli 3 1 WWF MedPO, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Institute for Water of Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia 3 WWF MedPO, Italy Abstract: Alteration of water flow regime downstream of dams is one of the most stressful factors influencing the aquatic and riparian ecosystem in many rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). To protect and improve structure and function of river ecosystem below the dams, Environmental Flow (EF) needs to be evaluated. The main aim of the Living Neretva project was to review different existing methods for EF assessment and to propose application of a new methodology for EF assessment to be used in BiH. In the first phase of the project hydrological EF assessment method GEP (guaranteed ecological flow) was assessed in details and testing exercise carried out led to the conclusion that the GEP methodology provides some advantages, but also has remarkable disadvantages. In the next phase, GEP methodology was tested in the river Trebizat, so as methodological approach for interdisciplinary EF assessment was developed, including instream ecological values and critical parameters for EF assessment. River was assessed in terms of its geography, climate conditions, historic heritage of the river, demography, geology of the river and its tributaries, river hydrology and morphology, ecological characteristics, river pollution, river use and river management. At selected sampling sites along the rivers, additional data on biological and physico-chemical parameters were collected and analysed. During next phase 4 selected methods of EF assessment were tested. Large difference was the cause of elimination for three of these methods for EF estimation. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of tested methods, MNQ approach was selected as the most acceptable method to use in BiH, still in need for some methodological improvements. In case of protected areas or the presence of endangered and rare species, the holistic approach of EF assessment was proposed too and both of methods are part of proposed draft By-law on EF. Key words: Environmental Flow, Flow Regime |
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2010-683 CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION IN THE LAST DECADE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Nada Rudan 1, Zeljko Majstorovic 2 1 Hydrometeorological Institute of Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Hydrometeorological Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Absatract: Bosnia and Herzegovina has a complex climate and the point can be divided into three different climatic zone with more or less expressed the transitional zones. That is the reason we decided to investigate the changes of long term means of temperature and precipitation in the meteorological stations within each area and obtain the spatial distribution of these changes for the entire territory of BiH. We produced mean temperature and the average amount of rainfall for the last decade in the period of 1999-2008 for twenty-meteorological stations on the territory of the RS and FBiH and compare them with corresponding values from the reference period, i.e. normals (1961-1990). It was noted that the level and intensity of these changes are not the same for some regions in BiH. The lowest temperature increase is observed in a Mediterranean climate zone, larger at the edge of the Pannonian plain, (i.e. in the region influenced by moderately continental climate from the North) and the largest in the region of Banja Luka. The records showed a certain reduction of mean Precipitation in the Mediterranean climate zone, increasing in other parts, with the highest growth linked to the central mountain belt, i.e. Belt mountain climate. It should be noted that this region of Herzegovina is still among the regions with the highest rainfall. The research has improved with the corresponding statistics of extreme temperature and maximum of daily precipitation. Key words: climatic zone, spatial, temperature, rainfall |
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2010-740 WATER QUALITY OF MOUNTAIN SPRINGS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF LOCAL WATER SUPPLY Bogoljub Antonic 1, Radoslav Grujic 2, Zoran Tegeltija 1, Bozana Odzakovic 3 1 University Apeiron Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 University of East sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: Water has priceless role for existence of human and entire vegetative and animal world, and it's necessarily to provide timely and permanent analyses of water quality from spring. Municipality of Šipovo with 180 registered springs and over the 50 local water supply systems represents exceptional quality of drinking water reach area. About 60% of population uses drinking water from main water supply system in municipality of Šipovo. According to results of physical, chemical and bacterial analyses, quality of this water isn't in order to strict international and local regulations. Currently 40% of population uses water from 12 local and 22 small individual water supply systems in Šipovo. Most of those local systems were built about 60 years ago, without project and technical documentation. Because of that it's very difficult to provide keeping of water supply network. Aim of this study is determining of prepositions and measures for improving existing state. In 2007. and 2008. samples of water were taken several times for bacterial, physical and chemical analyses. Samples were taken from 12 local water supply systems. It was found that 2/3 of samples were bacterial contaminated but samples were chemically correct according to actual regulative of hygienically safe drinking water. Neither, the conditioning of water and professional inspection of local water supply systems aren't ensured. There are several suggestions for improving water quality and water supply network. It's necessary to establish a proper function of water supply network, regular control of water safety and obligate consumers to pay for supplying water service. Key words: mountain springs, water quality |
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2010-741 CHARACTERISTICS OF DEEP GROUNDWATER AND EFFICIENCY OF INSTALLED SYSTEM FOR DRINKING WATER TREATMENT Bogoljub Antonic 1, Slavica Grujic 2, Ljubica Vujicic 1, Bozana Odzakovic 2, Bozana Sovilj 1 1 University Apeiron Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: Hygieniclly safe drinking water, as vital component necessary for keeping personal and global hygiena, is an important precondition for good health. Most of towns in Vojvodina uses water from first underground layer. This water is chemically contaminated with organic materials such as Fe and Mg. Besides that, fresh water from wells has uncharacteristic color, smell and taste, and high concentration of ammoniac. According to actual regulations, this water isn't sanitary safe. Water supply system and drinking water quality of two towns in Vojvodina were analyzed. Water quality from springs is similar in both cases. In one case there is system of water cleaning – water treatment with KMnO4 and fluid Cl. After that, water goes through Kaligans' fast filters for Fe and Mg oxides removing from the water. In the other case, water doesn't have adequate treatment for cleaning and removing organic and inorganic materials. That causes problems of using water. Development of proper water supply system, building of system for cleaning underground water, phased reconstruction of existing and building of new distributive network have main priority in solving of this problem. Key words: deep groundwater, treatment system, drinking water |
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2010-064 URBAN SEDIMENTS AND METALS DISTRIBUTION IN AREAS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL USE 2 State University of Maringa - UEM, Brazil
Abstract:
Key words: urban basin, sediments, metals |
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2010-065 MANAGERIAL ANALYSIS OF A MIXED BASIN AND ITS FUTURE SCENARIO
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2010-066 MANAGEMENT PLAN OF A HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN WITH EMPHASIS ON THE CONTROL OF FECAL COLIFORMS Abstract: Key words: water resources management, basin, coliforms |
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2010-067 CONCENTRATIONS OF ZN AND NI CONTAINED IN URBAN SEDIMENTS IN 30 CITIES IN THE SOUTH OF BRAZIL AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
Abstract:
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2010-540 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE AREAS UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURE SEARCHING TO REDUCE NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON WATER Nilton Cezar Pereira 1 1 UFSC, Depto. de Eng. Civil, Centro Tecnologico, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Trindade, Brazil Abstract: Water covers around 74% of the earth surface and in the universe, but only here in the earth, there is big bulk of liquid water. Almost 97% of the volume of Earth's water is present in the oceans salty and only 0,02% is in freshwater streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs. The remaining water is contained in ground water (0,006%), in the ice cover (2,2%), and water vapors in the atmosphere (0,001%). Several experts seeking to understand the hydrological cycle monitoring by measuring and predicting the spatial distribution, bulk and movement. It is possible to obtain in situ measurements in specific locations of various hydrological parameters (water), such as precipitation, water depth, temperature, salinity, density, bulk, etc. In recent years the earth experienced a significant increase in his industrial activities which led to stress degradation in the natural environment, mainly on water. In Brazil we can see this phenomenon also in the remotest parts of the territory resulting in some cases, real ecological disasters on this true resource. Santa Catarina, in the south of Brazil, has suffered and suffers several impacts on water resources by economic activities, and we can to make mention some significantly interfered over the water, such as these are: the mining of coal, rice's farm, the planting of tobacco, pig´s farms, the mining of clay. These activities played an important role in the contamination of water with substances considered harmful to living systems, because they have high toxicity. This work searches a way to solve problems with degradation of water, mainly sedimentation and contamination with harmful substances on rivers, by agriculture and mining's process, using engineering and management techniques. Key words: water, sustainable development |
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2010-548 URBANIZATION AND INCREASE OF METALS IN SEDIMENTS Alice Rodrigues Cardoso 1, Cristiano Poleto 2 1 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 2 State University of Maringa - UEM, Brazil Abstract: Many studies have shown the problems caused by urbanization in watershed. There are many ones but the most studied one is the degradation of water quality. But many researches have presented the sediment as the main problem concerning the water quality, mainly because most of metals are adsorbed by the small fraction of these particles (silt and clay). This paper aims to present the study of some metals adsorbed in sediments correlated with the urbanization of a small watershed in southern Brazil. The samples were obtained in a small lake (outlet) with cores to get undisturbed samples. There were analyzed 5 aliquots of each samples and they showed the increasing of metals with the urbanization process. The results are very important because they show the influence of urban areas on the rivers'quality. Key words: Urban watershed, metals, sediments |
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2010-544 PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY APPLIED TO SYSTEMS OF ULTRAVIOLET DESINFECTION OF WATER Nilton Cezar Pereira 1, Ricardo Ruther 1, Jair Urbanetz Jr. 1, Lucas Rafael do Nascimento 1 1 Department of Civil Engineering - Technologic Nucleus - Federal University of Santa Catarina - Trindade - Florianopolis-SC, Brazil Abstract: In agreement with OMS, World Organization of Health, about 1,7 milion people they die from diseases related to the inadequate supply of water and to problems in the areas of basic sanitation and hygiene conditions. In the Brazil there are many places with water's problem like shortage, in spit of Brazil to own about 20% of total drink water of the earth but not equally distributed on country surface. Indeed many rivers and underground water are polluted by many toxic substances through industrial effluent, agricultural defensive, sewage and others. One of the causes leaders in mortality for in development countries are diarrhea, disease due to infections of the gastrointestinal system, whose predominant cause is the viruses and bacteria's that are easily found in the no treated water. About 90% of the deaths they happen in children with age inferior to five years and for each child that dies, countless another suffer of problems of health, reduced productivity and loss of education opportunities. This paper reports a build of a system to disinfection of water using ultraviolet disinfection (UV ) thought of photovoltaic system and it consists in involucres acondicionador, germicide lamp of mercury steam using no expensive materials, because the intension of this system is to solve problems for distant communities in Brazil that have not electricity power. The disinfection UV system doesn't remove particles of the water, however it inactive any organic matter with potential pathogenic and it can be solution to many people in Brazil, mainly poor people. The available of water will be make using physic-chemistry and microbiologic analysis into specialized laboratories. Key words: Water desinfection, ultraviolet, solar energy, photovoltaic system |
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2010-012 ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF WETLAND "ATANASOVSKO LAKE" Georgi Zhelezov 1, Neli Hristova 2 1 Institute of Geography, Acad. Bonchev str., bl. 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 2 Sofia University, Bulgaria Abstract: The presentation analyzed the transformations in morphografical and hydrological peculiarities of Atanasovsko lake - one of the Bulgarian wetlands with international importance. The general part of investigations are connected with development of spatial models based on aerial photo from different periods. Key words: wetland, dynamic, ecology |
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2010-016 FLOOD RISK FOR NORTH BULGARIA Nelly Hristova 1, Slav Sarafski 1, Elena Georgieva A 1 Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"ť, Sofia, Bulgaria Abstract: This paper presents the parameters of high river's water at north part of Bulgaria - area for agricultural production and urban area. It focuses frequency and volume of high waves during the year and by watershed, duration of high water (by hours) and chronology of flood. The investigation takes spatial distribution for flood risk. Key words: flood, river, risk |
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2010-032 LONG-TERM ALTERATIONS TO THE VARNA-BELOSLAV LAKE COMPLEX DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES (BULGARIAN BLACK SEA COAST) Hristo Stanchev 1, Veselin Peychev 1, Atanas Palazov 1, Margarita Stancheva 1 1 Institute of Oceanology – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Varna, Bulgaria Abstract: There are several larger lakes at the 412 km long Bulgarian Black Sea coastline, as each distinguishes with a specific hydrological regime and parameters. The deepest and the largest is the Varna Lake, located west from the Bay of Varna at the North Bulgarian coast. The lake is a firth formation at the river valley under a rising sea level during the Holocene, when it was divided from the sea by a large sandy spit. In 1900s with construction of Varna Port a navigational channel between Varna Lake and the sea was built, while in 1920s it was artificially connected to the inland Beloslav Lake by other navigational channel. Since the beginning of the past century the two lakes have been subject of many direct human impacts, such as: digging of three navigational channels; situating a number of ports with different functions; constantly performed dredging activities etc. The aim of this paper was to trace the long-term changes to the lakes of Varna and Beloslav mostly associated with human activities over a 100-year period. Two types of data were used: historical topographic map from 1910 in scale 1:200 000 and nautical maps in scale 1:10 000 from 1994. The data were processed and analyzed with support of GIS and modeling in order to quantify the changes of areas and volumes of the lakes, as well as of the navigational channel between them. The findings from the study clearly reveal significant alterations of the two lakes that have been caused by increased anthropogenic impacts over the whole past century. As a result, the lakes were irreversibly altered in areas, water volumes, hydrological parameters and ecology. Keywords: water balance; lakes; human impact; 3D GIS model; Bulgaria. |
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2010-039 REMOTE SENSING FOR LAND APPLICATION - WILDFIRE AND DROUGHT Antoaneta Frantzova Aerospace Monitoring Center, Bulgaria Abstract: Aerospace Monitoring Center (ASMC) at the Ministry of emergency situation was established in the middle of the 2007 year. The Center is the first ever existed structure in the country which is equipped with real time data acquisition systems from earth observing satellites and its main aims and tasks are focused on monitoring, risk and disaster analysis as well as damage assessment. The center is equipped with two receiving satellite ground stations (one for NOAA - AVHRR and Feng-Yun - MVISR, and second for TERRA/Aqua - MODIS) for real time data receiving and processing. For a first time in Bulgaria sophisticated software program that detects and monitors wildfires based on data received from satellites is installed in ASMC . The Software downloads real time, high-resolution data directly from the satellites and uses the powerful software to process the data into maps that show the location and estimated size and intensity of wildfires. Also, full suite of algorithms developed by the NASA MODIS Science Teams for Level1, Level2 and Level3 processing are installed in center. Algorithms are divided in 3 groups - Land, Atmosphere and Ocean. The report deals with the methodology for detecting and monitoring of wildfires and drought with remote sensing data. For fire and drought detecting and monitoring we use: - Data from NOAA - AVHRR and TERRA/Aqua MODIS, - Data published in EOWEB, - MODIS Land Algorithms, - National database and spectral library for vegetation index and agriculture data for the last 10 years . The database contains data about land cover and agriculture crops and can be used for drought assessment and analysis and also for estimation of "the best"ť and "the worst"ť years concerning agriculture. Key words: satellite remote sensing, land, fire,drought |
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2010-042 CLASSIFICATION OF DAY AND NIGHT STABILITY INDEXES OF THE ATMOSPHERE OVER BULGARIA USING REMOTE SENSING
Abstract:
Key words: remote sensing, atmosphere, Lifted Index, K-index, Total Totals
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2010-044 EVALUATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPE GOOSEBERRY (PHYSALIS PERUVIANA L.) PLANTS UNDER THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF SOUTH BULGARIA
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Key words: cape goseberry, environmental, temperature, relative humidity
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2010-046 INFLUENCE OF SOME BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEPPER SEEDLINGS
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Key wods: pepper, microorganisms, morphology, seedlings
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2010-068 AN INFLUENCE OF MOLYBDENUM UPON THE CONTENT OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN THE FRUITS OF TOMATOES
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Key words: molybdenum determination, antioxidants, plants |
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2010-069 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR THE CONTENT OF MANGANESE IN DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION IN PLANT MATERIAL Abstract: Key words: manganese determination,fertilization, plant samples |
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2010-078 DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYDROLOGICAL MODEL FOR THE UPPER VIT WATERSHED BY HEC-HMS WITH REGARD TO IDENTIFICATION OF MISSING HIGH WAVES Abstract: Key words: hydrology, modeling, high waves |
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2010-079 PHENOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TRITICALE (X TRITICOSECALE WITTMACK) VARIETIES DEPENDING ON THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN PLOVDIV REGION Abstract: Key words: triticale varieties, phonological development, climatic conditions |
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2010-083 DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM WITH METHYLENE BLUE IN PLANT MATERIAL Abstract: Chromium have a positive effect upon the vegetative and reproduction behaviour of farm crops. It is been established that chromium takes part in a number of oxidation-reduction processes, accelerates some biochemical processes in plants and increases yield. The aims of the present research are to study the influence of the level of a mineral fertilization in soil upon the content of chromium in headed cabbage using Methylene Blue(MB) for determination of chromium. Chromium(VI) forms an ion-association complex with the cation of Methylene Blue. The fertilization brought about considerable changes of the chromium content in the cabbage. Determined by the method with MB, the lowest content of this element 1.2 mg/kg Cr dry mass was in the plants fertilized with N : P : K = 2: 3: 1. Chromium content increased with the increase of the fertilization norm of phosphorus. This was evident in the two levels of nitrogen fertilization, especially with N120 and N360. When NPK was individually applied, the highest yield 3703.3 kg/dka was obtained in the variant where it was fertilized with N120P360K120. Key words: chromium determination, methylene Blue, plants |
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2010-099 ON THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF SEVERE CONVECTIVE STORMS AND SOME WEATHER HAZARDS OVER BULGARIA (1991-2008) - METEOROLOGICAL APPROACH Liliya Bocheva 1, Petio Simeonov 1, Ilian Gospodinov 1 1 National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, BAS, Bulgaria Abstract: Severe convective storms (SCS) produce such dangerous weather phenomena during the warm half of the year like heavy and very intense rainfall, thunderstorms, hailfall, which are often associated with gusts of strong up to violent wind (sometimes with such dangerous events like squall and tornado). From meteorological point of view these events are defined as small-scale severe weather phenomena (SCSWP). These SCSWP are sparse in space and time and have unfavourable influence on the economics and societies especially in the small countries causing significant property and infrastructure damages as well as losses of life. According to the WMO experts about 90% of natural disasters are due to weather, climate and water. The present investigation is based on proper selection of SCS and associated with them severe and hazardous meteorological events like heavy (30-59.9 mm/24h) and torrential (totals ≥60 mm/24h in one station are considered) precipitation, wind (speed ≥20 m/s), hail and thunderstorms in six different parts of Bulgarian territory. Their monthly and seasonal distribution is obtained, as well as the risk assessment of their occurrence for short periods during each season and each region. The frequency of the days with torrential rainfall (Q≥60 mm/24h), extended thunders and hailfall, and wind have been analyzed separately. Statistically significant increase (about 30-50%) of days with torrential 24-hours precipitation is revealed during the period of investigation (1991 – 2008) in central and east parts of the country, while in South-West Bulgaria these dangerous events decreases with about 20-35%. The increase in frequency of stormy days in the autumn months September and October is observed almost in all parts of the country. Key words: extreme precipitation, thunderstorms, hail, flood events |
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2010-118 GENOTYPIC RESPONSE OF MAIZE HYBRIDS TO DIFFERENT NITROGEN APPLICATIONS UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF PLOVDIV REGION Abstract: Key words: genotypic response, maize, N application, elements of productivity, yield of grain |
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2010-163 COASTAL DEGRADATION INDUCED BY ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ALONG THE NORTH BULGARIAN BLACK SEA SHORE 2 Institute of water problems – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
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2010-171 FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT – A BASIN APPROACH FOR ESTIMATION OF THE MAXIMUM WATER DISCHARGES
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2010-182 THE INFLUENCE OF SOME GROWING REGULATORS OVER THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF ALFALFA LEGEND VARIETY UNDER THE PLOVDIV REGION CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
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2010-228 VERY LOCAL HEAVY RAIN ON THE BULGARIAN BLACK SEA COAST IN LATE SUMMER/EARLY AUTUMN: EXAMPLES AND ANALYSIS Gergana Kozinarova 1, Anastasiya Stoycheva 1, Ilian Gospodinov 1 1 National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology Abstract: It has been found that the Bulgarian Black Sea coast sees increased number intense precipitation events in late summer/early autumn probably connected with global climate change. In this work we will focus on some cases with heavy rain on the Black sea coast which happen during the late summer or early autumn. All of them are very local event related to coastal and orographical effects. We make the analyzing of the weather conditions favoring the development of such systems. We use data from synoptical and climatological national weather set, satellite and radar imagery, model analysis and forecasts, some applications, information from the media. This study will help to improve the short range weather forecast of the Bulgarian National service for the Black Sea coast in late summer/early autumn. Key words: heavy rain, forecasting, coastal effect, climate |
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2010-186 IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE REGIME OF PRECIPITATIONS IN SOUTH BULGARIA
Abstract:
Key words: global warming, climate change, precipitation regime, agroclimatic resources,agriculture, yield, optimal conditions |
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2010-188 STUDY OF WATER PENETRATION THROUGH POROUS MATERIAL
Key words: water spectra, water penetration |
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2010-189 INVESTIGATION OF CLEAN MOUNTAIN WATERS BY WATER SPECTRA METHOD
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2010-190 EFFECT OR MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD OF MAIZE
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2010-191 INFLUENCE OR MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF WHEAT GRAIN Abstract: |
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2010-192 LONG-PERIODICAL VARIATIONS OF EARTH ROTATION, DETERMINED FROM RECONSTRUCTED MILLENNIAL-SCALE GLACIAL SEA LEVEL Abstract: Key words: mean sea level, glacial cycles, Universal Time UT1, Length of Day LOD |
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2010-193 A MODEL OF GLOBAL WATER REDISTRIBUTION DURING SOLAR CYCLES, DERIVED BY ASTRONOMICAL DATA Abstract:
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2010-196 IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT AND SOME AGRONOMY PRACTICES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE NEW WHEAT VARIETY BOLYARKA IN SOUTH DOBRUDZHA REGION
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2010-195 STUDY ON OPPORTUNITIES OF APPLICATIONS TO AUTOMATICALLY SYSTEMS FOR METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT FOR THE NEEDS OF AGRICULTURE IN BULGARIA Abstract: Key words: automatically systems for meteorological measurement,climate, weather, agriculture, agrometeorological service |
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2010-203 INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS DURING VEGETATION PERIOD ON THE YIELD AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF IRRIGATED AND NON IRRIGATED GRAIN CORN Aleksandar Matev 1, Hristofor Kirchev 1, Radost Petrova 1, Atanas Sevov 1, Vania Delibaltova 1 1 Agricultural Universit,Bulgaria Abstract: The aim of experiment was to establish the influence of meteorological factors during the vegetation period of grain corn, on the yield and evapotranspiration. The experiment was carry out during 2004 – 2007 period, on Mollic fluvisoils (FAO – UNESCO) in region of Plovdiv (Bulgaria). The data from irrigation (by 75 % of FC) and non irrigated corn have been used. Dependencies between yield and meteorological factors have been established, as well as soil layer water depletion. The value of evapotranspiration and it's formatting nave been calculated (274 – 379 mm without irrigation and 378 – 515 mm by optimum irrigation). Key words: corn, irrigation, evapotranspiration, yield |
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2010-204 "YIELD – WATER" RELATIONSHIP OF SOYBEAN Aleksandar Matev Agricultural Universit,Bulgaria Abstract: The aim of this study is an establishment of reliability of two formulas for calculate the relation „Yield – water" of soybean (Biser var.), grown in region of Plovdiv (Bulgaria). The experimental work has been carry out for 5 years (2003 – 2007). Data for relative yield and relative irrigation depth, by different irrigation regime (0, 30, 50, 70 and 100 % of irrigation rate) have been used. These data have been calculated through special computer program "YIELD". The curves which we have got, interpret exactly the experimental data (R = 0.90 and over). Yield coefficient without irrigation is average 0.54. The experimental data are able to use for management of irrigation of soybean. Key words: soybean, irrigation, yield, water deficit |
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2010-201 SPI AS AN INDICATOR OF DROUGHT IN SOUTH BULGARIA Abstract: Key words: Bulgaria, drought,SPI |
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2010-206 METHODS DEVELOPMENT FOR DETERMINATION OF TRANSURANIC RADIONUCLIDES IN LOW ACTIVITY WASTE AND THEIR APPLICATION IN INTERCOMPARISON EXERCISE Bojidar Slavchev 1, Blagorodka Veleva 2, Lyuben Dobrev 3, Antonina Nikiforova 3, Lidia Kinova 3, 1 Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy - BAS, Bulgaria 2 NIMH-BAS, Bulgaria 3 INRNE-BAS, Bulgaria Abstract: Man-made transuranic elements have been released into the environment since the use of nuclear weapons and nuclear tests. Other releases into the environment have been associated with nuclear fuel cycles and some accidents but also through the active dumping of wastes into oceansBrief description and classification of the Radioactive Waste produced in the nuclear electricity generation chain is given. A procedure for determination of Plutonium, Americium and Curium isotopes in Low Level Radioactive Waste (LL LRAW) was developed and applied on alkaline waste from Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) Kozloduy in Bulgaria. he proposed procedure was part of inventory waste characterization of 15 storage tanks that involved determination of eighteen isotopes. The modification of the radiochemical procedure developed for the sludge fraction of the waste was applied for determination of plutonium and americium alpha emitting radionuclides in the river bottom sediment sample. The sampling campaign was organized in the frame of the EU international project by "Joint Research Centre" (JRC) -Karlsruhe, Germany. About 60 kg bottom sediments from the river affected by accidental radioactive releases were collected by the Ministry of Health of Slovakia Republic and distributed among the 10 participants by JRC-Karlsruhe for analyses of -, - and -radionuclides. In the present paper the radiochemical procedures for Plutonium and Americium (Curium) radionuclides separation and their determination is described. Preliminary sample treatment consists of drying and homogenizing. After assuring samples homogeneity by 137Cs measurements in different sub-samples the sediment is ashed at 600С. Wet ashing by H3NO3, HCl and HF acids is performed to achieve dissolution of the matrix and full isotopic dilution of tracers added. To separate plutonium and americium fractions from the matrix elements ion-exchange resin AG-1x8 100-200 (Cl-form, Bio-Rad Laboratories) is used. Further the fractions are purified by highly selective chromatographic materials TRU for americium and TEVA (Eichrom Technologies) for plutonium. The thin source needed for alpha-spectrometry was prepared by electro-deposition by (NH4)2SO4 electrolyte or co-precipitation with NdF3 as fluoride. Alpha spectrometry of the samples was performed by ORTEC Octete Alpha Spectrometric system equipped with 8 Ortec ULTRA-SATM low background ion implanted detectors with 300mm2 active area and energy resolution of 20 keV (FWHM) at the 5.486 MeV (241Am peak). The results of this inter-laboratories comparison show the adequacy of the developed and applied methods and the difference in activity concentration in the frame of 1σ uncertainty. The results for determined other alpha emitting radionuclides in the sediment are also given. Key words: transuranic elements, radioactive waste, radiochemical separation, environment |
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2010-210 ANALYSIS OF AIR TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN BULGARIA Ekaterina Koleva National Institute of meteorology and hydrology, Bulgaria Abstract: A long-term air temperature fluctuation in Bulgaria is examined. The seasonal and annual mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures are used to study these fluctuations. In analysis the emphasis are on the existence of trends and periodicity in the time series. Diurnal temperature range (DTR) is calculated, too. DTR generally decreases under global climate warming due to more significant night minimum temperature increase. Number of days with maximum temperature above given threshold and their variations are studied. The warmest decade in Bulgaria is determined. The distribution of temperature in this period is compared with this one in 1961-1990 reference period recommended by WMO as representing present climate. The extreme indices are analyzed, too. The obtained result could be used as an analogue for future. To estimate the change and its significant character some statistical methods ate used. |
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2010-216 PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS DEVELOPED FOR MONITORING OF THE RADIOACTIVITY IN THE BULGARIAN BLACK SEA COASTAL ZONE Blagorodka Veleva 1, Maria Kolarova 1, George Mungov 1, Nikolai Galabov 1 1 NIMH-BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria Abstract: During the last 20 years the radiological pollution of the Black Sea from Chernobyl accident was extensively studied under several international and national projects of the Black Sea riparian countries. At the present time the concentrations of one of the main long-lived radionuclides - 137Cs are several times lower than the values measured immediately after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. The present work reports some of the more significant results obtained during 10 years period (1995-2005) under the monitoring programme of NIMH – Bulgaria developed under the IAEA TCP RER 2/003 Black Sea Project. There are several reasons for implementing of a long-term radioactivity-monitoring program of the Black Sea coastal zone: the existence of several operating NPP situated in the catchment area of the Black Sea and representing a potential source of contamination with technogenic radionuclides; a part of the catchment of the Dniepr river still polluted from the Chernobyl fall-out as a secondary source for contamination, and the specific features of the Black Sea circulation directed from North to South along the Bulgarian coast. The seasonal observations of NIMH-BAS performed in 1995-2002 have revealed variations in the concentrations of radionuclides in time and space along the Bulgarian shore caused by the seasonal variations of the river inflow. Along the Bulgarian Black Sea shore from Shabla to Ahtopol regular sampling was performed from 1994 to 2002. In the Bulgarian regional monitoring program coordinated under the IAEA Black sea Project station Varna was pointed out as a reference sampling site. Summarized results of the dissolved 137Cs concentrations in sea water, beach sand, algae, and fish over the period 1994-2004 measured at Varna regional monitoring station and at Shabla basic monitoring station are presented and discussed. The methodology of the sampling procedures, measurements and analyses are shortly described. Key words: Ecology, coastal zone, Black Sea radioactivity, technogenic radionuclides, monitoring programme |
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2010-227 RADON SHORT LIVED DAUGHTERS VARIATION IN SOFIA AND PLEVEN AND SOIL CONDITIONS Blagorodka Veleva 1, Plamen Videnov 1, Anna Tzenkova 1, Nikolai Galabov 1 1 NIMH-BAS, Bulgaria Abstract: Radon and its daughters' radionuclides are useful tracers for atmospheric processes and atmospheric dispersion studies. The main source of 222Rn, 220Rn and 219Rn into the atmosphere are soil and rock surfaces, while the water reservoirs release radon to a much lower degree. The source of radon in the atmosphere might be considered as continuous surface source, with variable emission rate depending on the soil condition (temperature, humidity etc) and the natural Uran/Thorium series content in the soil. The short live beta emitting radon daughter radionuclide attached to the aerosol are measured daily in the frame of the atmospheric radioactivity monitoring program of NIMH at Sofia and Pleven at 5th and 60th minute after sampling by beta radiometry. In Sofia the 24-hours filter samples are changed in the morning at 08:00 LST (06 UTC), while in Pleven the filters are exposed during daytime 8:00-14:00 LST. Radon concentration estimated in Sofia is representative for a stable atmospheric stratification (nocturnal and early morning hours). In Pleven radon daughters' concentration is representative for daytime atmospheric conditions with convective boundary layer development during the warm period of the year. Meteorological parameters and soil temperature at different soil depths (0, 2, 10, 20, 35 and 65cm) measured at 7, 14 and 21:00 LST are processed. The period of investigation is 2000-2007. General analyses of the meteorological conditions during that period are given and comparative assessment of the radon daughters concentration and meteorological parameters is performed. The variability in the Rn emanation by its daughters as a function of the precipitation, moisture content and temperature variation is foreseen. The preliminary results show the statistically significant positive correlation between soil temperature and radon daughters morning concentrations in Sofia during the warm part of the year (r Є 0.31÷0.35). The correlation in the cold period is weak negative (r Є 0.-0.14 ÷ -0.21) in Pleven. When the source term is better understood it can be parameterized and incorporated in the modeling of Rn and other passive tracers' dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer. Key words: radon, radon daughters, atmospheric boundary layer, soil conditions |
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2010-251 CREATION OF FLOOD HAZARD MAPS Snezhanka Balabanova 1 1 National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Sofia, Bulgaria Abstract: Flood events are a part of nature. They have existed and will continue to exist. Society has become more vulnerable to natural hazards. Although floods are natural phenomena, human activities and human interventions such as urbanization, agricultural practices and deforestation, have considerably changed the situation in river basins. The probability of flooding is expected to increase: the climate is changing rapidly. The recent floods, in Europe caused casualties and caused a damage amounting to several thousand million Euros in many countries. The European "Directive on the assessment and management of flood risks" aims to reduce the adverse consequences on human health, the environment, cultural heritage and economic activity associated with floods in the Community. Flooding results in damage of property, crops and negative impacts on human welfare. That is why it is important to know the zones along the rivers reaches which are vulnerable to inundation. For this reason it is of great importance to have hydraulic modeling of discharges and water levels along these rivers terraces. The output data for the high water levels from the hydraulic modeling can be integrated in GIS environment. Different methods for spatial analyses are way for floodplain mapping. For adequate evaluation of the inundation risk it is necessary to simulate hydrological scenarios for max water discharges with different return periods and create corresponding flood maps. Highly accurate DEM is required when developing flood maps. Satellite image processing and analyses of the extent of the flood are very important for verification and validation of the hydraulic models outputs. GIS allows analysis of flooded areas with information on infrastructure, land use, population density or any other information stored in the users GIS. Flood maps are indispensable tools to provide information about hazards, vulnerabilities and risks, and to implement the necessary preventive and preparedness measures. Key words: flood hazard |
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2010-256 PARTNERSHIP FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN BULGARIA Antoaneta Yotova 1 1 National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgaria Abstract: Partnership for policy implementation is of essential importance for the success of any policy option, but especially of the one to raise public awareness in environmental problems and ways for their solution. Due to the complexity and great diversity of the environmental issues, partnership can be the key for environmental policy implementation because actions in the field of environment require relevant perception and understanding that can be achieved through collaboration between different parties involved, namely scientific community, policy and decision makers, business companies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), citizens. Partnership between researchers and NGOs appeared to be particularly necessary in the process of environmental policy implementation and integration into the economic and social spheres. In the paper, amongst the many environmental issues of today, climate change is chosen because the policy to address climate change is an interdisciplinary and complex field that requires a wide range of policy options to be implemented in parallel. Based on results from a study on the role of Bulgarian environmental NGOs in the promotion of energy efficiency measures as one option of the policy to address climate change, the partnership between researchers and NGOs in Bulgaria is discussed. The good examples of such partnership in the country are not yet so many, whereas the membership of Bulgaria in the European Union sets more and more requirements. Further efforts to establish new and to develop the existing partnerships are needed. The communication of relevant scientific results to the general public and policy-decision makers is proposed as area for most effective partnership between researchers and NGOs for timely implementation of environmental policy in the country. Key words: partnership, communication, environmental policy |
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2010-310 SIMULATIONS OF LOW, MODERATE AND HEAVY DAILY PRECIPITATION AMOUNTS FOR THE TERRITORY OF BULGARIA Plamen Neytchev 1, Walter Zucchini 2, Stefan Sperlich 2, Neyko Neykov 3, Hristo Hristov 3 1 Nat. Inst. of Meteorology & Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria, 2 University of Goettingen Germany, 3 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Abstract: Stochastic daily precipitation models have been widely used in climate and hydrology studies. A standard technique of analyzing such series is to decompose the original time series into two relatively simple time series called occurrence and intensity processes and then handle these two time series data by standard generalized linear models (GLMs) software. It has been reported that these models can reproduced well the observed precipitation probabilities, wet and dry spell length distributions as well as many other statistics of interest concerning various precipitation occurrence events. However, in the majority of these studies it was reported that high precipitation intensity distributions had not been fitted reasonably well by single right skewed distributions such as Gamma or lognormal. A progress in statistical modeling of precipitation intensity data was made recently – "Furrer, E. and Katz, R. (2008). Improving the simulation of extreme precipitation events by stochastic weather generators, WRR, vol. 44, W12439, doi:10.1029/2008WR007316." These authors replaced the Gamma by a hybrid distribution comprised by a Gamma and Generalized Pareto (GP) distribution while still being admissible in a GLMs framework to allow the straightforward introduction of covariates and systematic assessment of uncertainties. This paper deals with an improved daily precipitation amount model for the territory of Bulgaria based on GLMs that accommodate equally well the small, medium and extreme precipitation intensities. Following closely the methodology of the above authors we propose to model the intensity component of the precipitation models, conditional on the synoptic atmospheric fields via: (1) a Weibull and a mixture of two Weibull distributions; (2) hybrid distribution of Weibull and GP distributions; (2) a hybrid Gamma and distribution discussed. The model is applied to a network of 32 stations and the results show that the observed intensities are reasonably simulated. Key words: Precipitation downscaling, Weibull distribution, Generalized Pareto distribution, Mixture of distributions, Hybrid distribution |
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2010-327 ON THE POSSIBILITY TO USE INFRARED THERMOMETRY FOR IRRIGATION OF WHEAT CANOPY Georgi Stoimenov 1, Yordanka Kirkova 1, Vera Tenova 1 1 ISS, Bulgaria Abstract: Six year (2004-2009) experiment with Bulgarian variety Sadovo 1 was carried out on meadow-cinnamone soil in Experimental Base of Institute of Soil Science Tzalapitza, South Bulgaria, Plovdiv region. During the first four years the variants of the soil moisture regimes are only non irrigated control and irrigated when the difference (dT) between the canopy temperature (Tc), measured by Infrared thermometer, and ambient air temperature (Ta) became 1oC. In 2008 the 3 irrigated variants were realized: at dT = -1°C, 0oC and +1°C and non irrigated control. During the next 2009 were realized variants with missed irrigation in: 1/ head development, 2/ear formation and 3/ milk ripeness 4/optimal irrigated and 5/ non irrigated control. All variants were in 3 replications. Soil water content dynamic were evaluated by gypsum blocks and plant water status- by Infrared thermometer every day at 14 o'clock. Precipitation, air and soil temperatures, relative humidity were determined during wheat vegetation season. In the dry 2007 as the result of two irrigation depth of 60 mm the yield increased 1,9 times. In 2008 the yield was the highest for the variant, irrigated at dT=+1°C. In 2009, the yield was the highest for optimal irrigated variant, irrigated at dT=+1oC. The missed irrigation during air formation and milk ripeness decreased the yield more than this during head development, when the canopy had water reserves from winter. The relationships "Yield- water (rain + irrigation depth)" and "Yield-number of days with dT>0" were obtained with R2>0,7 . The results allowed us to conclude that IRT can be used for determination the moment of wheat canopy irrigation. Key words: canopy temperature, yield, irrigation depth |
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2010-328 WATER DEFICIT INFLUENCE DURING DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES ON THE SOYBEAN YELD Vera Tzenova 1, Yordanka Kirkova 1, Georgi Stoimenov 1 1 ISS, Bulgaria Abstract: Two year field experiment with soybean was conducted on the meadow-cinnamon soil in Sought Bulgaria with 14 variants irrigation regimes in 3 replications. Two types irrigation regimes were realized: with 0, 0.35, 0.7, 1.0 and 1.35 relative irrigation depth during the all vegetation period and the others-with regulated water deficit-i.e.0, 0.35,0.7 relative irrigation depth during one growth stage and 1,0 during the other two stages. Gypsum blocks were used for soil moisture dynamic evaluation and Infra red thermometer- for plant water status evaluation. Precipitation, air and soil temperatures, relative humidity were determined during soybean vegetation season. Physiological plant water stress indicators (proline content, electrolyte flowing, plastide pigments content) were determined. Relationships "relative yield-relative irrigation depth", "relative yield-relative evapotranspiration", "yield- number of days with dT>0, "yield reduction-number of days with dT>0" with high correlation were obtained (R2>0,8). Physiological stress indicators were in accordance with temperature difference (dT) between canopy temperature (Tc) and the ambient air temperature (Ta). Key words: canopy temperature, yield, irrigation depth |
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2010-341 WATER QUALITY OF VARNA LAKE (BULGARIA) Boryana Dzhurova 1, Galina Shtereva 1 1 Institute of Oceanology, Bulgaria Abstract: Varna Lake is important Black Sea coastal lake which is linked by navy canal with Varna Bay and Beloslav Lake. Hidrochemistry of Varna Lake is determined by the link with the other lake because Beloslav Lake receives contaminated waste waters. The lake is affected by human activities (industry, agriculture, transport and urbanisation). An estimation of water quality (WQ) and anthropogenic impact on the lake is of the first importance for a sustainable management and for establishment of lake sea interactions. The study is based on seasonal monitoring of nutrients, oxygen, BOD and pH in surface and bottom waters in the lake during 2005 2007 period. Hypoxia conditions in bottom waters were initiated in summer period. A total dissolved oxygen depletion and hydrogen sulphide existence was established. The surface water oxygen saturation exceeded 100% almost during the most seasons. The lake could be considered as a high eutrophicated area. The results reveal higher nutrients concentrations in winter-spring period. A decreasing trend of nutrients in lake sea direction in entire water system was observed. The most affected part of Varna Lake is the west one and canal-lake aquatory due to transport of nutrients and organic matter from more eutrophicated Beloslav Lake. The lakes play an important buffer role for protection of marine environment due to receiving the load of nutrients and other pollutants from rivers discharge. Varna Lake is categorized as modified water body in context of EU Water Framework Directive/60/2000 as consequence of long-term anthropogenic impact. Key words: Varna Lake, Water quality, nutrients, eutrophication |
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2010-364 CHANGES OF SOME SOIL CHARACTERISTICS IN RESULT OF DEGRADATION PROCESSES IN MALESHEVSKA MOUNTAIN, BULGARIA Emiliya Velizarova 1, Ivan Marinov 1, Todor Lubenov 2 1 Forest Research Institute - BAS, Bulgaria 2 Solar-Terrestrial Influences Institute – BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria Abstract: Forest soils in the Bulgarian part of Maleshevska mountain are being seriously degraded and destructed due to erosion processes. The mountain relief, climate conditions, density of the hydrographical network, deforestation and intensive pasturing as well as changes of the land-use type are of primary importance for intensive soil erosion processes in the Struma river watershed, which is strongly influenced by the Mediterranean-type of climate. The objective of this study was to assess how some of the most important soil chemical and physical properties are affected by degradation processes, if the lands are subjected to different types of use. The studied lands are located in the middle part of the Struma watershed basin. Two watersheds – Sedelska and Vojche have been selected as representative torrential tributaries. The main soil groups are represented by Luvisol, Cambisol and on the upper part of these watersheds also partly by Regosols. The soil skeleton, particle size distribution and their relations with other soil properties of the superficial soil horizon were analysed. Soil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) were also determined. The Arc Info 9.2 software was used in order to present the geographical distribution of the data obtained. According to our investigations, the soil degradation has resulted in a clear differentiation of the soil skeleton depending on the type of exposure and on the position of the sampling sites on the slopes. On the slopes with a sunny exposure, the skeleton increased to 67 %, whereas on the less sunny slopes, which are those exposed to the north, it reached only 44 %. The results of particle size distribution show a tendency of a prevailing content of the sand fractions in the soil on the slopes with southern exposure and an opposite one for the northern slopes. There was no significant difference in the determined OC contents in the branch cutting oak coppices forests and pasture lands. The soil in the sampling sites used as a fallow land demonstrates the lowest content of OC – 0.82 g kg-1. Key words: erosion, forest soil, fallow land, soil skeleton, particle size distribution |
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2010-349 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL APPROACH FOR ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY Sonya Damyanova 1 1 University of forestry, Bulgaria Abstract: A major goal of the research is to evaluate the chemical composition of surface water in order to find some relations between compounds and reveal their origin. The chemistry database contains 20 components of a river and a dam for 3 years period. Ward's method reveal 4 major factors forming quantity of waters. Principal component analyses indicates 3 latent factors in the data stucture. Key words: water chemistry, ecology |
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2010-299 REGULATED DEFICIT DRIP IRRIGATION IMPACT ON THE YIELD AND THE GROWTH OF THE \'LYULIN\' PRIMOCANE-FRUITING RASPBERRY CULTIVAR Georgi Kornov 1, Kouman Koumanov 1, Kolyo Kolev 1, Zarya Rankova 1, Snejana Milusheva 1 1 Fruitgrowing Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Abstract: The problem of water scarcity deepens all over the world, the agriculture accounting for more than 70 % of the total consumption. The use of irrigation water can be decreased with the introduction of more efficient methods (microirrigation) and technologies (Regulated Deficit Irrigation, RDI). Both approaches were subjected to an eight-year investigation together with the 'Lyulin' primocane-fruiting cultivar. The raspberry crop was chosen because of its good positions on the international market and the short time for the investments to pay-back. The water application rates during the main phenophases – intensive growth, blossom, and fruit ripening – equaled 100 %, 75 % and 50 % of the crop evapotranspiration. The yield varied considerably according to both the meteorological conditions during the vegetation and the health status of the plantation. Compared to the control, only the maximum reduction of irrigation resulted in significant yield decrease. Generally, the regulated deficit irrigation did not significantly affect the growth of the raspberry plants. Based on the results, there is a good reason to suppose that the observed differences between variants are mostly climatic. Other factors as the plantation age and the viral infections propagation should not be excluded, yet. With the "Lyulin" cultivar, the application rates can be reduced to 75 %, and even to 50 % in the phase of intensive growth, without negative effect on the yield and the fruit quality. Under severe water deficit, raspberry crop may be irrigated with a half of the estimated application rates, but only on the basis of an economical analysis. Key words: drip irrigation, RDI, Rubus idaeus, yield, growth |
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2010-362 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF 3-D PROBLEMS IN POROUS MEDIA REGARDING THE RETARDATION FACTOR Radko Petkov 1 1 Institute of Water Problems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Abstract: The paper considers the development of a new method of diffuse pollution modeling. A hydrodynamic model for the movement of soluble active admixtures in pressure and non-pressure flows through porous media has been developed. The physico-mathematical model provides the possibility of taking under consideration the sorption (retardation factor). The composed differential equations cannot be solved independently of each other since the fluid velocity in the porous media depends on the fluid density and viscosity that depends on their side on concentration and temperature. On the other side, the fluid concentration depends on the dispersion coefficients, which depend on the fluid velocity in the porous media. The established world practice is to assume the fluid velocity and coefficients as constants (independent of the viscosity and density variations) and to solve only the dispersion equation determining the concentration distribution in the porous media. The hydrodynamic model and its numerical solution gives the opportunity of considering inhomogeneous porous media and different types of pollutants that are being dispersed in it with non-constant hydrodynamic parameters. Key words: porous media ,diffuse pollution,numerical solution |
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2010-266 ESTIMATION OF CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION. ARE THE SIMPLE FORMULAS LESS PRECISE ? Kouman Koumanov 1, Milena Moteva 2, Valentin Kazandjiev 3 1 Fruitgrowing Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 2 Research Institute of Land Reclamation and Agricultural Mechanization, Bulgaria 3 National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgaria Abstract: Crop evapotranspiration ETC is a key factor for the irrigation scheduling and management. In order to estimate ETC, a number of empirical equations have been developed, using different crop or environmental characteristics. Usually, ETC is related to some meteorological factor F through a formula of the type , where K is an experimentally estimated bio-physical coefficient ( ). Subject of the present paper is the variability of K when estimated using five empirical formulas respectively based on: the sum of the average daily temperatures (°С), the sum of the average daily vapor pressure deficit (HPa), the evaporation from GGI-3000 evaporation pan (mm), and the reference evapotranspiration ET0 estimated according to both Blaney-Criddle and FAO-Penman-Monteith. The experimental work was carried out five vegetations in a 1.0 ha peach orchard in the conditions of microsprinkler irrigation and sod mulch in the interrows. The trees were of Glohaven cultivar grafted on GF-677 rootstock and planted at 5.5х3.0 m distances. The evapotranspiration was estimated through water balance in a 0.60 m soil layer and for ten-day intervals. It was found that the variation of the values of the bio-physical coefficient K were of same magnitude ( ) irrespective of the used formula. Hence, the selection of a formula for ETC estimation mostly depends on the available meteorological data. Probably, the using of complicated formulas with numerous meteorological parameters, like the FAO recommended one, will appear needless in terms of precision. In order to clarify the problem, more investigations and analyses have to be carried out including both much longer periods and many more crops. Key words: irrigation, scheduling, ETC, empirical equations, peach |
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2010-382 RECENT STATE OF KAMCHIA RIVER (DOWN STREAM) (BULGARIA) Galina Shtereva 1, Anton Krastev 1, Boryana Dzhurova 1, Ognyana Hristova 1 1 Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Varna, Bulgaria Abstract: Kamchia River is the biggest Bulgarian river flowing into the Black Sea. The total catchment area of the river is 5358 square km, covering about 40% of the Bulgarian Black Sea watershed. According to conceptual framework DPSIR the main drivers in Kamchia River region are agriculture, industry and urbanisation which cause a significant pressure on the aquatic system. The goal of the paper is to estimate the recent chemical status of the river. The study is based on monthly monitoring of Kamchia River down stream during the 2005 2007 period on the base of following parameters: dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD and nutrients as dissolved phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and silica (Si). The interannual distribution of hydrochemical parameters is characterized with nutrients maximums in autumn winter period corresponding to high values of water quantity of river discharge. The maximum of inorganic nitrogen (2005) exeeds average annual value about 2 times. The minimum nutrients content corresponds to monthly discharges during summer low flow period, mostly in July September. The annual average N:P ratio in 2005 and 2006 was 25.8 and 17.4, resp. Kamchia River discharge impacts the coastal zone in an area located about 1 navy mile eastern and southern from the river mouth. Most significant river influence is established in the upper surface layer. Key words: Kamchia River, nutrients, water quality, Black Sea
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2010-405 CLIMATIC FACTORS AND THE GROUND WATER TABLE IN EASTERN SOFIA FIELD Milena Moteva 1, Valentin Kazandjiev 2, Veska Georgieva 2 1 Research Institute for Land Reclamation and Agricultural mechanization, Bulgaria 2 NIMH-BAS, Bugaria Abstract: Shallow sub-soil waters are a source of productive soil moisture in agriculture. When available, they meet part of crop evapotranspiration needs. Their presence in the soil water balance means that certain irrigational water amounts would be saved. Contemporary climate change has a proven negative impact on the hydrothermal conditions for crop growing in our country. The restriction of the atmospheric water income causes a decrease in the water resources in soil, namely in the available water content and its feeding up by the sub-soil waters. The goal of the paper is to investigate the dynamics of water table level in the eastern part of Sofia Field during the 40-year period 1960-2000. The long-term levels of the water table at 4 representative manholes from the measuring net of NIMH on important for agricultural crops vegetation dates and their trends has been processed. A long-term succession of monthly water table level has been traced. A parallel with the monthly precipitation and open water evaporation has been drawn in order to find out the natural preconditions of the phenomenon. The dependence of the water levels on the precipitation sums of different periods has been studied. The results show a decreasing tendency of the water levels in the manholes. This is indicative for the water table dropping deeper in the soil profile, hence - for less available soil water for the crops. Key words: water table, climate change, agriculture, regression, Bulgaria |
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2010-417 REMOVAL OF NUTRIENTS FROM WASTEWATER BY MODIFIED BULGARIAN CLINOPTILOLITE Nadejda Taneva 1 1 University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Bulgaria Abstract: Results from a laboratory investigation on the capability of activated and modified Bulgarian clinoptilolite samples from Beli plast deposit in Eastern Rhodopes to remove ammonia and phosphates ( hydrogenphosphates ) from aqueous solutions are presented in the report. A series of ion exchange batch experiments and column runs were carried out with synthetic water composed of NH4Cl and Na2HPO4.12H2O. Total ion exchange capacity was determined by batch experiments as a function of initial ammonia and phosphates concentration, solution pH and temperature. It was found that the adsorption and ion exchange activity of natural clinoptilolite towards phosphate ions can be increased by chemical activation and modification. The aim of the conducted experiments is to be analyzed the practical appliance of the modified samples clinoptilolite like a final polishing stage of the waste water treatment process and for what range of concentrations of ammonia and phosphates this is possible. Key words: wastewater, nutrients, clinoptilolite |
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2010-425 RAMS6.0 BOUNDARY-LAYER SIMULATION OVER SOFIA (BULGARIA) Ekaterina Batchvarova 1, Enrico Pisoni 2, Giovanna Finzi 2 1 NIMH, Bulgaria 2 University of Brescia, Italy Abstract: The horizontal and vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over Sofia have been simulated using appropriate high resolution runs of RAMS6.0 mesoscale model for the periods of 28 September to 3 October 2003. During these days unique data set is available, comprising high resolution in time and space vertical profiles, turbulence profile on a meteorological tower and standard meteorological observations for the city of Sofia, Bulgaria. The RAMS6.0 prediction for sensible heat flux during the intensive campaign (28 September – 3 October 2003) were very close to measurements, while the 10 m wind speed was highly overestimated. The results showed further that the diurnal variation of wind speed in the model is quite idealized and very likely the simulation cannot reflect the complex mountain-valley circulation pattern typical for the city and the measurements site used. The results showed that even well validated over complex terrain models when applied for "new" complex terrain conditions, do not ensure a success. Measurements for model initial conditions, data assimilation and model validation are needed for all applications of mesoscale models. Key words: mesometeorological models, turbulence measurements, vertical profiles of meteorological parameters |
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2010-427 METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF NUMERICAL MODELS IN METEOROLOGY Ekaterina Batchvarova 1, Sven-Erik Gryning 2 1 NIMH, Bulgria 2 Risoe DTU, Denmark Abstract: Progress in meteorological models developments is based on comparison with data. In this process it is crucial to discuss the uncertainties and representativiness inherent for both models and measurements. Models can be good enough without an exact match with the measurements, as often shown and aimed. An important new emphasis in model evaluation is to consider vertical profiles of meteorological parameters, not just traditional surface measurements. This will contribute to the understanding why different mesometeorological models calculate quite different atmospheric boundary layer height even when using the same method, and thus influence significantly the air pollution models results. The study is based on data from sites in Bulgaria and Denmark that perform profile measurements on masts, with radiosoundings and lidars. The RAMS6.0 mesoscale model is used for the simulations. Key words: evaluation of numerical models, turbulence measurements |
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2010-401 CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION AND SURFACE YIELD IN DECIDUOUS FORESTS AT THE PETROHAN SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTAL FORESTRY STATION OVER THE PERIOD 1998–2008 Iskra Vassileva 1, Nora Lozanova 1 1 University of Forestry – Sofia, Bulgaria Abstract: Climatic factors have a significant impact on the surface water yield. The impact of precipitation is the most tangible. In order to perform monitoring of this impact a hydrological station was established in the Petrohan Scientific Experimental Forestry Station (SEFS) on the river Gavaneshtitsa. An on-going monitoring process started in 1998. The results of precipitations and surface yield measurement over the period 1998 -2008 are presented in the article. The results are tentative due to the short-term period of monitoring. Key words: climatic factors, hydrological station, rainfall, runoff |
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2010-442 FLOOD FORECASTING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR MARITSA AND TUNDZHA RIVERS - DATA EXCHANGE TOOL AND WEB-SITE Abstract: Key words: database, web-site, flood forecasting, warning |
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2010-465 UPON FLOWBED DEFORMATION OF HYDRODYNAMICAL PROCESSES Roumen Gadjev 1 1 IMM_Agric. Academy, Bulgaria Abstract: This paper deals with a deformation of natural beds due to erosion processes of the surface and river flows, which cause environmental changes of global and regional scale. For that are shown the respective hydraulic processes and a main characteristic of the surface and river flows – tangential tensions and the hydrodynamic forces of the flows based on the pulsation velocities. This work gives an analytical dependency for prognostication of the main characteristics of the flows. Key words: hydrodynamics, open flow, pulsation velocities, tangential tensions |
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2010-503 DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SERBIAN OAT CULTIVARS UNDER AGROMETEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN BULGARIA Tonya Gerogieva 1, Plamen Zorovski 1 1 Agricultural University, Bulgaria Abstract: Within the period 2006 – 2008 in the experimental field of the Plant growing Department at the Agricultural University – Plovdiv, Republic of Bulgaria a comparative test was carried out with three cultivars of Macedonian oats (Slaruj, Lorken, Rajac) compared to the Bulgarian standard for spring cultivars – "Obraztsov Chiflik 4" Block method was repeated three times. The cultivars were sown in March; sowing rate – 600 germinating seeds per m2. Phenological observations were carried out. The level of tillering as well as other basic elements of productivity formed under the specific agrometeorological conditions of 2006, 2007 and 2008 were found out. The elements of panicle and its productiveness were analyzed. The yield of the tested Macedonian breeds as per 1 da under the weather conditions in Central Southern Bulgaria was also evaluated. The Macedonian cultivars were considered highly adaptive. The Lorken cultivar proved best yield results. Key words: oat, cultivar, yield |
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2010-552 DROUGHT CYCLES OVER SOUTH-EAST EUROPE FOR THE PERIOD 1870-2005 AND THEIR CONNECTION WITH SOLAR ACTIVITY Yavor Chapanov 1, Daniel Gambis 2 1 Central Laboratory for Geodesy - BAS, Bulgaria 2 Paris Observatory, France Abstract: The drought cycles over the South-East Europe are determined by means of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for the period 1870-2005 from the area between East longitude 11.25-28.75 degrees and North latitude 33.75-48.75 degrees. The long-periodical components of PDSI are determined by means Fourier approximation based on the Least-Squares estimation of trigonometrically coefficients and Whittaker-Vondrák filtration. The decadal PDSI variations are compared with 11-, 22- and 45-year cycles of the solar activity, extracted from the sunspot and Wolf's numbers variations. Linear regression models and correlation coefficients between the decadal drought cycles over the South-East Europe and solar activity are determined. Time series of non solar-driven PDSI variations and their trends are determined. The envisage result of this work is better understanding the decadal drought cycles, driven mostly by the solar activity and improving the knowledge about the drought trends, due to the global warming. Key words: PDSI, decadal cycles, solar activity |
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2010-558 BIOFILTER VEGETATIVE PROTECTION OF WATERS AGAINST POLLUTION Ekaterina Valcheva Agricultural University, Bulgaria Abstract: Agriculture is a major sources pollution of surface |