2010-001 ABILITY OF GCM TO SIMULATE WINTER PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE IN IRAN Sina Samadi Naghab National Climate Center(NCC)- Climatology Research Institute(CRI), Iran
Abstract:
In recent studies, to reach the best results of seasonal and long term forecasts, the global circulation models (GCMs) are usually used to simulate the past and future climate parameters. Unfortunately, despite the advancement in GCM research and modern computing technology, the most recent generation of general circulation models still have serious problems due to their low spatial resolutions (with the field variables being represented on grid points 300 km apart). Even if GCMs in the future are to run at higher resolutions, there will still be the need to 'Downscale' results from such models to individual sites or localities for impact studies. To successfully downscale GCMs results, it is necessary to know if GCM data have enough ability to simulate predictor variables in the selected region. In this paper, we used winter seasonal data of Precipitation and Temperature (Maximum and Minimum) in 36 synoptic stations of Iran as predictand and HadCM3 with A2 Scenario as Predictors. me scale that we selected for this simulating ability is from 1990-2005 for the past and 2010-2030 for future and using SDSM model version 4.2 for this purpose. Results were shown that there was good ability to simulate winter predictand such as minimum and maximum temperature and there is no significant deference with 0.5 critical errors and accepted at 0.01 significant levels and there is a good accepted correlation between modeled and Observing data. All changes of parameters could synthetic in winter months and we could model past period in acceptable level at study Region and future decade simulated with best results and propose to use other Climate Models.
2010-002 WATER QUALITY EVALUATION OF ALA RIVER AND SOME WELLS AND THE IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE IN AKURE ONDOSTATE NIGERIA
Oyebola Adebola Elemide
Federal College of Agriculture Akure Along Obaile Road Ondostate Niger, Nigeria
Abstract:
This paper reports the estimation of some quality parameters of Ala River and some well in Akure. Surface qualities of the river were studied in order to evaluate its uses. Water and soil samples were collected from the river and nearby small-irrigation farms at Alagbaka, Oyemekun Oba Ile and Adesida quarters. The samples were analyzed using standard analytical techniques and were compared with recognized water quality standard. Quality parameters like pH, Dissolved oxygen, Turbidity, Total alkalinity, Temperature. Chloride, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, Total solid, Nitrate and colour were determined in water samples from selected well and Ala river. The range of values obtained were pH (6-7), Total solid (50.0-192.0mg) Dissolved oxygen (2.6 to 4.8mg/L) Calcium hardness (36.0-48.0 mg/i). These values when compared with standard showed that the river and well are polluted. Appropriate treatment should be employed to make it fit for domestic water supply, Agriculture and recreational activities. The results obtained in the analysis were compared with the World Health Organization Standard for portable water and recommended that the water be further purified before domestic use.
Key words:Agriculture, Recreational, water Quality, World health organization standard
2010-003 AN APPROACH TO MODELING NUTRIENT/FOOD-CHAIN INTERACTIONS WITH APPLICATION TO LAKE SHKODRA Spiro Grazhdani 1, Adriana Zyfi 1 1 Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania
Abstract:
This research presents an approach to modeling nutrient/food-chain interactions, which gives a general picture of the eutrophication level for Lake Shkodra and shows general trends of the trophic state of this aquatic ecosystem. Man made eutrophication, in absence of control measures, provides much faster than the natural phenomenon and is the major reason for pollution of Lake Shkodra. The model presented provides information on temporal resolution of eutrophication effects that is extremely useful to water quality managers. This study also provides a means to identify nutrient and light limitation, which is a critical step in controlling eutrophication. The specific nature of the lake has been taken account and embodied in the model. The results taken are encouraging.
2010-004 CLIMATES CLASSIFICATION OF PAKISTAN Saifullah Khan 1, Prof.Dr Mahmood-ul-hasan 2, Late Dr Anjum Bari 3, Late Prof Dr Fazil Karim Khan 4 1 Manager GIS and Mapping USF Co 5th Floor HBL Tower Blue Area Islamabad, Pakistan 2 Chairman Department of Geography Univesrity of Peshawar NWFP, Pakistan 3 Ex Director, Pakistan Meteorological Department Islamabad Pakistan, Pakistan 4 Ex Chairman Department of Geography Univeristy of Karachi, Pakistan
Abstract: The work deals with the climates of Pakistan. It is based on the study and analysis of the data regarding temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days, humidity, wind speed and direction, pressure, evapotranspiration, sunshine, and also with the classification of climates. The factors bringing variation in the climates of Pakistan are latitudinal location, proximity to sea level, rough topography, continentitlity, marine influence in the extreme south, vegetation cover, and soil contents. On the basis of temperature, Pakistan has been classified into five regions i.e. hot, warm, mild, cool, and cold. The southern parts of Pakistan have high temperature (28oC at Hyderabad) that decreases toward north upto 10oC at Astore. Four rainfall regions have been identified i.e. arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, and humid. The rainfall concentration decreases from 171.4cm (68.6inches) at Murree in the north to 3.4cm (1.5inches) at Nokkundi in the south. The eastern part of Pakistan receives heavy rains during summer, from southwesterly currents, called monsoon, whereas the western parts have high rains in winter, from southwesterly winds, called western disturbances. The extreme north of the country has heavy rains from local thunderstorms caused by convectional uplifting of air parcel due to local heating. Pakistan experiences four rainy seasons i.e. winter rainfall, pre-monsoon rainfall, monsoon rainfall, and post monsoon rainfall. The winter and monsoon are the moistest seasons, while the other two constitutes as the driest seasons of the country. The highest annual number of rainy days is 91.3 at Murree in the north, while it decreases to 4 at Nokkundi in the south. The relative humidity of Pakistan is above 70% at Makran coast and less than 40% in southwestern Balochistan, and in the extreme north, while the rest of Pakistan has 40% to 70percent. The lower latitudes of the country along with coastal belt have a recorded wind speed of above 6knots, while it decreases to 2knots in the northern mountainous region. The lower Indus plain and southwestern Balochistan records low pressure in summer, while a ridge of high pressure develops over Himalayas in winter. The Makran coast and parts of Balochistan and Sindh have sunshine duration above 8hr/day, which reduces to 7hr/day toward northern mountainous region. Most of the plain has evapotranspiration above 3mm (0.12inches), while it decreases to 2mm (0.08inches) in highland. Due to its sub-tropical location, Pakistan has two main seasons i.e. summer and winter. The summer season of the country lasts for seven months in plain and for four months in highland, while the winter season varies for five months in plain and seven months in highland. These two main seasons of Pakistan are further sub-divided into four sub-seasons i.e. cold, hot, monsoon, and warm. The cold season varies from mid-November to mid-April, hot season from mid-April to June, and monsoon season from July to mid-September and warm season from mid-September to mid-November. On the basis of distribution and variation of weather elements, Pakistan can be divided into five macro-regions, which are further sub-divided into 18 meso and 46 micro climatic types.
2010-005 IMPACT OF EUCALYPTUS ON THE GROUNDWATER (A CASE STUDY OF UDIGRAM, SWAT VALLEY NORTHWEST PAKISTAN)
Saifullah Khan 1, Prof.Dr Mahmood-ul-hasan 2 1 USF CO, 5th floor HBL Tower Blue Area Islamabad, Pakistan 2 Chairman Department of Geography Univesrity of Peshawar NWFP, Pakistan
Abstract: The plantation of eucalyptus on mountains is not profitable, because it evaporates above 50liters groundwater per day into atmosphere and is more dangerous to watertable as well as rock reservoirs. The water evaporated by eucalyptus is more as compared to the incoming water. This imbalance in water cycle causes change in watertable as well as flow of water from the springs. On the other hand, its wood is of poor quality, and having low market demand and domestic use. The rainfall shows -5cm (2 inches) decrease per year in winter between 1995 and 2000, whereas, the rate of increase is 1.24inches (3cm) per year in summer season. The major share of annual rainfall was from winter precipitation before 1995, but onward, it is from summer and the area dropped from humid to sub-humid climates. This seasonal fluctuation of rainfall and dryness of rocks reservoirs due to plantation of eucalyptus on mountains has not only decrease the watertable and groundwater but it has also caused change in the flow of water from the springs, and has decreased with discharge of rivers. The dryness of wells after reduction in rainfall, generally, leads to the digging and intensive use of tubewells in the area.
EFFECT OF REFINERY EFFLUENTS ON WATER QUALITY IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA
Prof Orish Ebere Orisakwe 1, John Kanayochukwu Nduka 2
1 Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria
Abstract: Oil exploration, exploitation, refining and other related economic activities in the oil-rich Nigeria's Niger Delta region, has led to widespread contamination of air, soil and water bodies (rivers, streams, creeks) due to spillages and gas flaring. In addition the increase in population and rapidly growing urbanization due to oil-related economic activities, stretched the limited public water supplies and waste disposal system to complete collapse in many urban and suburban centres. The failure of the public water supply scheme has led to the exploitation of hand-dug wells from near surface aquifers for domestic use by those unable to afford the cost of sinking boreholes in deep aquifers. Hospital records in this area, is replete with cases of diarrhoea and typhoid fever diseases both of which can be water-borne. This study investigated the effect of refinery effluents on different sources of potable water in two areas of Niger Delta âcontiguous hostâ and âimpacted on communitiesâ in Warri Niger Delta, Nigeria (surface water, shallow well water and borehole water) in Ekpan, its adjoining communities and creeks. Since open and underground water bodies are regarded as final recipient of most environmental pollutant, we sought through the study to provide data on pollutant load of potable water supply of the study area. Method: Cadmiun, chromium, lead and manganese were determined using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer, physcio-chemical parameters such as nitrate,nitrite, pH, Biological oxygen demand BOD, Total hardness TH, salinity and electrical conductivity EC were all determined using their standard methods. Novel aspect: Surface water of Aja-Etan and Ijala had highest levels of cadmiun (1.45 ±0.01 and 1.20 ± 0.0(mg/l), that of ifie-kporo and Ekpan has highest lead (1.00 ± 0.01mg/l). Ekpan borehole water is more acidic (4.79 ± 0.01) than others. Agigba and Ajamimogha surface water has highest level of manganese (2.40 ± 0.03 and 2.20 ± 0.03mg/l). With the exception of Ekpan shallow well, BOD and hardness were in highest concentration in surface water. Some of the parameter were above WHO standards and USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL).
Nigeria lies very close to the equator (hot country) West coast Africa between latitude 4 N and 14 N degree and longitude 2 E and 15 E degree. The country is located at the Northern end of Eastern branch of west coast of Africa rift system. Nigeria geological set up comprises broadly sedimentary formation and crystalline basement complex, which occur more or less in equal proportion all over the country. The sediment is mainly Upper Cretaceous to recent in age while the basement complex rocks are thought to be Precambrian. The studied area lies between latitude 12.4" and 11.11"W and longitude 13.81" and 14.13" S. The studied area is underlain by Precambrian basement complex of southern western Nigeria .The major rock in the area is charnokite and granite rock. The granite rock which are member of the older granite suite occupy about 65% of the total area .The principal granite is petrographic variety are recognized .The fine grained biotite-granite medium-coarse, non porphyritic biotite -hornblende granite and coarse-porphyritic biotite -hornblende granite. Also three main textural type of Charnokitic rock are also distinguished are coarse grained, massive fine grained and gneissic fine grained .The mode of occurrence of rock is three (1) core of the granite rock as exemplified by study area and few smaller bodies (2) Margin of the granite bodies as seen in Ijare and Uro edemo-idemo Charnokitic bodies and (3) Discrete bodies of the gneissic fine grained Charnokitic rock within the country gneisses as seen in Ilaro and Iju and Emirin village. All the charnokite in the region are dark-greenish to greenish-gray rocks with bluish quartz and greenish feldspar.
Key words: Geology of the study area,Colour,Occurrence,type of minerals
2010-008 INFLUENCE OF WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESSES ON DECREASING WATER - RELATED DISEASES IN MARSH COMMUNITY OF IRAQ
Dr. Hussein Al-Nasrawi
Foundation of Technical Education- IRAQ
Abstract:
Water contaminated by sewage or human excrement presents the greatest danger to public health associated with drinking water, and pathogens present in water are usually greatly outnumbered by normal intestinal bacteria, which are easier to isolate and identify. Samples of drinking water were collected during 2003 and 2004 from containers in villagers of rural area in Al-Kahla`a district , whreas waste water and sewage disposals samples were drained from efluents of sewage treatment plant in Al-Mudatharah locality in Al-Kahla`a distict during 2003, 2004 and 2005 . Marsh Arabs are a population lives in southern areas of Iraq ,they face shortages and lack of safe drinking water, with low sanitation facilities .Due to discharging waste water and sewage disposals directly into the rivers without any treatment processes , marsh residents suffer from decline of community health . Health case of water borne diseases in Abo-Khasaf village after providing the villagers with safe drinking water revealed low rate of diarrhoeal cases from 139 to 49 during 3 months , whereas chemical and biological parameters changed via improvement of water quality due to rehabilitation of sewage treatment plant . Results of our present study shows that diahrreal cases among marsh community children have been decreaced from 139 to 49 case after construction new water facility and MPN of E.coli decreased from 5.1 colonies per 100ml.water to zero colonies as a result of chlorination.Waste water test which discharged to the river refered to decrease of E.coli numbers from >10 colonies per100 ml. to < 10 colonies per 100ml which led to decrease diarrheal cases fro 688 to 250 . Conclusions of present study confirmed that untreated sewage influents consider the main key factor for possibility of spreading E.Coli in untreated drinking water which contribute in increasing of morbidity cases among children under 5years of age . Key words - Diahrrea, water quality, rehabilitation, sewage treatment plant.
Key words: Diahrrea, water quality, rehabilitation, sewage treatment
2010-009 MODELLING WAST WATER TREATMENT PLANT EFFICIENCY, AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Mrs Anjali Khambete 1, Robin Christian 1 1. S.V.NIT Icchanath,Pipload road,Surat,Gujarat,India
Abstract:
Man's desires for ultimate joy and comfort have led him to exploit nature's free goods to the extent of reducing its natural capacities for self stabilization. As a consequence of this outright disregard of the impact of these activities on the environment, numerous environmental problems have arisen. So today's need is to enhance the awareness among the people to maintain environmental quality. Evaluating the efficiency of wastewater treatment system often requires decision makers to consider conflicting, vague, and uncertain information. Fuzzy set theory offers a possible means of managing these kinds of data or information. This study, proposes a systematic approach to evaluating efficiency of waste water treatment system in a fuzzy environment. The approach employs three main concepts: linguistic variables, fuzzy numbers, and an analytic hierarchy process. The linguistic variables are used to represent the degree of appropriateness of decision criteria, which are vague or uncertain. These linguistic variables are then translated into fuzzy numbers to reflect their uncertainties and aggregated into the final fuzzy decision value using a hierarchical structure. Through a case study, the approach is applied to the evaluation of the efficiency of waste water treatment system consisting of three types of treatment processes, physical, chemical and biological. The results demonstrate that the developed approach can be a useful tool for evaluating the efficiency of waste water treatment system, where criteria are vague or imprecise.
Key words: Evaluating the efficiency, linguistic variables, efficiency of waste water
2010-010 TECHNICAL ELEMENTS AND BIOLOGICAL FOR EVALUATION OF DEBITS PROTECTION Dascalita Dan Water Directorate Siret River Cuza Voda street, No. 1, BacAu City, Romania
Abstract: Modern concepts of integrated management and sustainable development of water resources that are provided in the European Directives on water and in the Romanian legislation, combines aspects of rational use of water resources with the protection of aquatic ecosystems. The main objectives of these concepts, is part of the ecological reconstruction and rivers to: -optimization (improvement) and ensure appropriate habitat biodiversity conservation,
-ensuring appropriate flow rates of water for protection of aquatic ecosystems,
-providing longitudinal and lateral connectivity of the flow rates water circulation to ensure optimal upstream and downstream-upstream-downstream fisheries fund.
A very important step in the complex process of environmental reconstruction, is to ensure the flow of environmental protection along water courses (flow protection of aquatic ecosystems) and the minimum flow required in any section of a watercourse river, to ensure natural conditions of life of existing ecosystems and future. In this context, the paper aims to present some of hydromorphological requirements, including compliance flow protection of aquatic ecosystems, the water courses must meet in order to achieve established by the Framework Directive 60/2000/CEE the good ecological status of water bodies.
Key words: debits by protection of aquatic ecosystems,hydromorphological indicators, ecological reconstruction, good ecological status.
2010-011 UNCERTAINTY OF SATELLITE ESTIMATES FOR HYDROLOGIC APPLICATIONS Amir AghaKouchak University of Louisiana at Lafayette,USA
Abstract:
Hydrological and climate studies have long relied on rain gauge measurements. While rain gauge measurements do not provide reasonable areal representation of rainfall, remotely sensed precipitation estimates offer much higher spatial resolution. Recent advances in the field of remote sensing have led to an increase in available rainfall data on a regional and global scale. Several NASA sponsored satellite missions provide valuable precipitation data. However, the advantages of the data are limited by complications related to the indirect nature of satellite estimates. This study introduces a stochastic model for uncertainty analysis of satellite rainfall fields for hydrologic applications. The presented model is implemented over a large area across the North and South Carolina. The results show that the model can be used to describe the uncertainties associated to satellite precipitation estimates.
Key words: Rainfall satellite data hydrologic modeling
2010-012 ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF WETLAND "ATANASOVSKO LAKE"
Georgi Zhelezov 1, Neli Hristova 2
1 Institute of Geography, Acad. Bonchev str., bl. 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
2 Sofia University, Bulgaria
Abstract:
The presentation analyzed the transformations in morphografical and hydrological peculiarities of Atanasovsko lake - one of the Bulgarian wetlands with international importance. The general part of investigations are connected with development of spatial models based on aerial photo from different periods.
Key words: wetland, dynamic, ecology
2010-013 EVAPORATION AND ITS EVALUATION ON THE ALBANIAN TERRITORY Aferdita Laska (Merkoci) 1, Miriam Ndini (Bogdani) 1, Mirela Ndrita 1 1 Institut for Energy, Water and Environment (INEUM), Albania
Abstract:
Many particular studies are made in Albania to evaluate the evapotraspiration. This paper is an attempt to present a general evaluation of the evapotranspiration in Albanian territory, including the evapotranspiration regionalization. Evaluation and computing of evaporation, it's a principal and very complicated problem because of natural specific conditions of Albanian territory (mountainous regions, lake system present, Mediterranean climate, etc.) It is evaluated using multi-annual archival information of the Hydrometeorological Institute.(now INEUM) Evaporation is evaluated by computing its principal components, such as: potential evapotranspitarion Ep, real evapotranspiration ER, evaporation deficit ΔE, pluviometric deficit Δx, and water flow deficit Z0. Evapotranspiration evaluation in the Albanian territory is calculated by different ways, such as: 1) water balance method; 2) direct observed method, and 3) indirect calculating method using empiric formulas. Division scheme of Albanian territory in homogeneous regions based on evaluation and determination of the natural factors that influence on evapotranspiration process is presented in this paper. Analyzing and dividing the Albanian territory, in homogeneous, region is accepted as the smallest tacsionometric unit. As the result of the specific physicogeographical conditions of Albanian territory, the principal nature factors that influence on the ecotranspiration processes are: a) climate regime and b) morphometric conditions of the territory. Evapotranspiration and territory altitude dependence subdues the vertical zonal law, having e typical regional character. Using these dependences, the evapotranspiration maps are made for the Albanian territory.
Key words: Potential evapotranspiration, real evapotranspiration
2010-014 ESTIMATING REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION USING TWO DIFFERENT MODELS OF PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD FOR CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF ALBANIA
S. Grazhdani 1, A. Ahmeti 1 1 Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
Abstract:
In this study two different models of Penman-Monteith method are used to estimate grass-reference evapotranspiration (ET0) over a range of climate at six locations based on hourly and 24 h weather data: FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (FAO56-PM) and standardized ASCE Penman-Monteith (ASCE-PM). Hourly ET0 computations were summed over 24 h periods and reported as sum-of-hourly. The sum-of-hourly ASCEPM ET0 values (ET0,h,ASCE) were compared with the 24 h timestep ASCE-PM ET0 values and with the sum-of-hourly FA056-PM (respectively ET0,d,ASCE, ET0,h,FAO56). The ET0,h,ASCE values were used as the basis for comparison. The values ET0,h,FAO56 correlated well with values ET0,d,ASCE (r2≥ 0.994), but estimated lower than ET0,h, ASCE at all location by 4% to 9 %. This was due to the impact of higher surface resistance during daytime periods. Summing the ET0 values over multiple days and longer periods for peak ET0 months resulted in inconsistent differences between the two timesteps. The results suggest a potential improvement in accuracy when using the standardized ASCE-PM procedure applied hourly rather than daily. The hourly application helps to account for abrupt changes in atmospheric conditions on ET0 estimation in advective and other environments when hourly climate data are available.
2010-015 HOW TO PLAN A SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY MANAGEMENT WHEN ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS CONFLICT WITH EXISTING PRACTICES IN NATIONAL PRESPA PARK
Dorina Grazhdani Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
Abstract:
Concerns over the relationship between environmental protection, prevention of loss of biodiversity and protection of habitats and of internationally important species of flora and fauna on the one hand and sustainable economic activities and recreation in a protected area on the other can all be dealt with effectively by appropriate regulatory and policy measures, particularly with the support of local actions that strive to preserve local biotopes and conditions. The aim of the present paper is to provide information on the current situation of the forestry on the Albanian side of the lakes Macro and Micro Prespa, along with the existing practices and regulations, and to offer views from an Albanian perspective that will help resolve some of the current difficulties. Forestry is one of the main economic activities in the area. Forest areas in Prespa mainly consist of oak forests (63%) and beech stands (15%). Lack of alternative heating resources set a high pressure on forests that are used for firewood production for communities living within and in some areas around the Prespa Park. In addition, fodder production and forest grazing are damaging the forests area. Some forest areas (3,721 ha) are transferred to communal use and are managed by the Forest Users Association of Liqenas. In the last three years several improvement interventions (coppicing, fencing, thinning) are realized with the support of World Bank, WFP and other donors. There is a need for a general forest management plan and improvement interventions in the area. The forestry policies and practices applied in Albania over the last fifty years have negatively affected the region's biodiversity in general and its forest species in particular. It is very important for the future of the species found in the Prespa region, as well as for the communities that depend upon them, to strive, through best practices, analysis of policy and positive actions of trans-boundary cooperation, to improve the current situation. Some remedies are presented in the present paper.
2010-016 FLOOD RISK FOR NORTH BULGARIA Nelly Hristova 1, Slav Sarafski 1, Elena Georgieva A 1 Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract:
This paper presents the parameters of high river's water at north part of Bulgaria - area for agricultural production and urban area. It focuses frequency and volume of high waves during the year and by watershed, duration of high water (by hours) and chronology of flood. The investigation takes spatial distribution for flood risk.
Key words: flood, river, risk
2010-017 HOUSEHOLDS PARTICIPATION IN RECYCLING OF SOLID WASTE: A CASE STUDY
Abdelsalam Omran 1, Abdelnaser Ali 1 1 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Abstract:
Waste management is pressing harder with the alarming signal warning the industry. The success of local recycling programmes is reliant upon households participation. Recycling of solid wastes is considered as the only method to recover the waste generated. In recognition of this, the trend in recycling policy is geared towards promoting households centred approaches in recycling with public education as the main driver towards increasing households participation. Most of the time, these initiatives do not take into consideration the attitudes of the key stakeholders of municipal officials and the households towards recycling of solid wastes. However, the implementation still has much extent for improvement. In order to ameliorate the recycling situation, evaluation of households participation towards solid waste recycling is studied in this paper. This study is based on a case study few selected residential areas within the city of Benghazi (Libya). Questionnaire survey was used to gather the information from the households. As results, the study found that, even though the households are aware of recycling, this does not necessarily translate into participation in recycling initiatives. Other factors such as lack of awareness, lack of facilities and no incentives were found to limit participation in recycling activities.
2010-018 CHANGES IN CONDUCTANCE IN THE WATERS OF LAGOONS OF A SEA WITH NO TIDES Roman Cieslinski 1, Jan Drwal 1 1 University of Gdansk, Department of Hydrology, Gdansk, Poland
Abstract:
The southern Baltic Sea coast is a place where early water relationships were formed by the action of the Scandinavian ice cap and its meltwaters followed by further changes due to climate and hydrologic factors. One of the effects of these changes have been changes in the chemical composition of water in the region, which can be detected via the measurement of specific conductance reflecting both short and long term changes. A number of geographic factors are clearly having an effect on the aforementioned changes. The paper is designed to answer the following questions: 1) How did the specific conductance of selected lake water samples vary when measured in one hour time intervals? 2) How do these results compare to measurements performed over a longer period of time? The purpose of such a high sampling frequency is to detect the presence of saltwater intrusions. Two lakes on the Polish seacoast were selected for research purposes: Lake Gardno and Lake Ćebsko. Specific conductance was measured every hour using an automatic probe made by YSI Sontek (6920V2). In addition to measuring specific conductance, the probe recorded lake water levels. The paper is also based on Baltic Sea water level data. Lakes Gardno and Ćebsko are hydrologically different to a rather substantial degree compared to other lakes on the Polish seacoast. The water in both lakes is subject to very large fluctuations in specific conductance with a peak fluctuation range of 11,509 ”S cm-1. Despite the magnitude of such fluctuations, differences can be observed between the two lakes. While Lake Ćebsko is characterized by continuously elevated values of specific conductance, Lake Gardno may experience periods of potamic influence with specific conductance dropping below 1,000 ”S cm-1. Specific conductance values vary all the time, not just over the course of several days but daily and even hourly. Such dynamic changes are not only the result of hydrometeorological conditions but are also driven by the magnitude of runoff in a lake's basin. It is basin runoff that pushes seawater out of a lake and does not allow it to stagnate over longer periods of time. Another factor that is quite important in this case is the occurrence of brackish water intrusions that are not necessarily associated with stormy weather but may occur in normal weather.
Key words: Lagoons, sporadic and periodic changes, conductance, Baltic Sea
2010-019 HYDROCHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC EVALUATION OF WATER RECHARGE QUALITY IN KARST
Abdulrahman Kassem Syrian Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria
2010-020 IMPROVING HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSES OF DEGRADED SOILS IN SEMI ARID KENYA Mr Kevin Mganga University of Nairobi, Kenia
Abstract: Anumber of techniques have been developed for range rehabilitation in semi-arid environments of Kenya. Grass reseeding technology has been used as a management tool for soil and water conservation and restoration of degraded ecosystems in Kibwezi district, Kenya. The aim of this study was to establish the contribution of reseeding using indigenous perennial grasses namely Eragrostis superba (Maasai love grass), Enteropogon macrostachyus (Bush rye) and Cenchrus ciliaris (African foxtail grass) in improving soil hydrological properties and thus control soil erosion. The experiment was carried out using simulated rainfall, Kamphorst simulator, on bare ground and at different grass stubble heights. The experimental plots were set up under sprinkler irrigation control conditions to ensure availability of sufficient moisture for seed germination and subsequent establishment. Results showed that sediment production as a function of soil erosion, runoff and infiltration capacity were significantly different (p< 0.05) at different grass stubble heights. Cenchrus ciliaris had the greatest influence on improving soil hydrological properties. Enteropogon macrostachyus and Eragrostis superba were ranked second and third respectively. This was attributed to the growth characteristics of the perennial grasses. Generally, an increase in grass height increased infiltration capacity, reduced runoff and sediment production.
Key words: Reseeding, semi-arid, soil hydrological properties, sediment production
2010-021 MOLDOVAN NETWORK Botnaru Petru Terra-1530, Galesti, Republic of Moldova
Abstract:
In 2003 year when was decelerated in Vorniceni village, Moldova, exceptional situation because at the "Ion Inculet" lyceum was identified 75 cases of Hepatitis A. Doctors told that the cause was low quality of drinkable water. In the future are expected other cases of disease because the lyceum is not assure in centralistic way with water. More than that there is a danger of new epidemic, because until nowadays the lyceum has no centralized water and it results no elementary studying conditions. The first step to create The Moldovan Network of Rural Volunteering Centers for Water was done in 2003 (monitoring macro invertebrates; Youth Water Parliament etc). The MNRVCW will make an important contribution to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, to all of which water plays a crucial role. The local communities are involved in network activities for example pumps arrangement (persons number is unlimited); they have proper financial sources in the projects that are for water supply. People from communities informs network about garbage which is near water sources. About regional institutions for example Preventive Medical Centre, Straseni doctors make analyses to water from pumps, wells which is checked, they prepare articles about sanitary culture from villages. At local level network can coordinate all efforts of NGOs, Local Public Administration, business to resolve problem of centralized water supply system. The local communities (Galesti, Lozova, Vorniceni etc) are involved in network activities for example pumps arrangement (persons number is unlimited); they have proper financial sources in the projects that are for water supply. People from communities informs network about garbage which is near water sources. Information about water quality will be preventing cases of catching disease; it will raise population sanitary culture. More than this poor people will have chance to participate to center's activities and a part of them will have a job. Only after supplying in centralist way and creating a water network, in village the situation will change. The water supply will give chance to youth to built houses; will appear small and middle factories, new jobs, a better informational network. Rests Centers will be opened which will contribute to ameliorate health situation.
Key words: Local Action - Global Impact
2010-022 INTRODUCTING ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS IN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: LESSONS FROM HA Bazin Damien 1, Ferrari Sylvie 2 1 Faculty of Law, Political Science and Economics, France 2 GREThA (Research Unit in Theoretical and Applied Economics), France
Abstract:
We propose a multidisciplinary approach where philosophy in general and ethics in particular tackle head on the leading contradictions in economics. The purpose of our study is centred on the fragility of nature and its potential destruction arising from irrational acts of uncontrolled consumption. In fine, we attempt to evaluate whether or not, economically speaking, economics as a discipline has shown itself to be harmful to humankind. Hence, we will develop a line of reasoning which is "moderately anthropocentric". The consequence of combining different disciplines will enable us to rethink the approach that stems from sustainable development. To this end, we will not only adopt a critical point of view, but one which is also theoretical. The aim of this paper is to show that protecting nature can only gain our full commitment if we engage in an ethical study of economics, one which is firmly rooted in the wider notion of sustainable development. We will use these implications to clearly indicate that the "nature ethics/sustainable development" relationship automatically brings out a requirement to safeguard nature. We will also demonstrate that this requirement is associated with a more restrictive Kantian style categorical requirement. From our perspective, this "ethical recentering" sets into motion a lexigraphic process where nature is dependent on human responsibility. It emerges that summum bonum, decisions about nature are subject to a Precautionary Responsibility Principle. It is no longer a case of reshaping the thinking on environmental economics, where the issue is one of optimising how natural resources are managed, but one of protecting these resources for what they are, and not for what they can provide from the classical standpoint of utilitarianism and welfare. We believe that our approach is original because it uses philosophical analysis as a starting point when examining economic practices and establishing the relevant limits. For this reason, we need to consider the work of Hans Jonas because although vitalist, his Heideggerian approach offers us the possibility of viewing the ethics involved in terms of a right to stay. Humans are on Earth as transitory beings and have a duty to leave it intact for those who come after. This vision of how things should be inevitably forces us to direct our discussion towards the fundamental meaning behind the above term, that is, the one that the Greeks subsumed within Eidos: humility. This humility could prevent humankind from behaving like a "master and ravager of nature". Jonas contribution is very useful for the economist because the latter can reflect on the notion of time, a fundamental notion in economics. Indeed, Jonas focuses on the narrow correlation between time and ethics. This clear association has led philosophers to redefine power relationships in the light of a pure intra and inter-generational altruism. Such a temporal stance places economic analysis in jeopardy because it is being asked to plan for the long term, and yet its short-sighted rationalism creates an epistemological misunderstanding, implying that economics has destruction to thank for its survival. Modern economics, far from adopting an optimism-filled Schumpeterian vision, has developed a cataclysmic image of nature. Indeed, the continuing damage to nature can be understood by way of a consequentialist paradigm of consumption as an economic activity. It then seems obvious that, unlike the "zero growth" suggestion from the thinkers behind deep ecology, we should in preference expect everyone to assume a role when it comes to responsible growth. In this respect, the Precautionary Responsibility Principle is capable of providing answers. Consequently, we will establish a set of positive ethics derived from our transcending the traditional Kantian approach. Self restriction, as a categorical imperative, can then distinguish itself as an ethic of dissemination, encouraging a group of behaviours which is worthy of humankind and respectful towards nature.
Key words: Macroeconomics and International Finance Research Centre (CEMAFI)
2010-023 CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE DROUGHTS OF OLTENIA AND THEIR EFFECTS Bogdan Octavia 1, Ion Marinica 2 1 Institute of Geograpfy Bucharest, Faculty of Geography of Tourism, Sibiu, Romania, . 2 National Administration of Meteorology, Regional Meteorological Center Oltenia, Craiova, Romania,
Abstract:
Droughts are extremely complex climatic phenomena determined by a great range of factors as: atmospheric precipitations, the air and ground temperature, the water reserve in the ground which is accesible to plants, the humidity of the wind (or, to be more precise, the low humidity degree of air also known as the dryness of the air), the evapotranspiration and the wind speed. Global and regional climatic changes, the anthropic impact on the environment, the irrational use of ground resources led to an extension of the area affected by droughts, to intensifications in the processes of dryness and desertification, and also to the increase in frequency and duration of droughts in certain regions of the world and even of our country. In this paper we analysed the droughts that affected Oltenia after 1987. The frequency and intensity of this phenomena increased proportionally with the intensification of the climatic risk phenomena asociated with the global warming of the atmosphere. In matters of frequency and intensity, the droughts and the early heat waves in the warm season determined a fast-growning aridity especially in the South of Oltenia. These have drastically reduced the agricultural productions playing an essential role in the raising prices of food and daily use products, this raise is strongly related to the climatic risk phenomena. This paper highlights important aspects of tohese phenomena in Oltenia, and we extended our analysis to the droughts of the cold season. The analysis is based on the processing of long data series from meteorological and pluviometric stations in Oltenia and has a crucial importance for the regional climatic evolutions, being of great use to climatologists, meteorologist, agronomists students, those who try to achieve a master or doctor degree and also to those interested in the evolution of the climatic phenomena in Oltenia.
2010-024 METEOROLOGICAL SITUATIONS THAT GENERATED EXCEPTIONAL DISCHARGES ALONG THE DANUBE RIVER
Ion Marinica 1, Mihai Bocioaca 2, Simona Rusu 2 1. National Meteorological Administration, Oltenia Regional Meteorological Centre, Craiova, Romania
2. National Institute of Hydrology and Waters Management, Bucharest, Romania
Abstract:
For Europe, the undisputed importance of the Danube can be rendered by some general data: Its hydrographic basin surface exceeds 817,000 km2, i.e. about 10% of that of the continent, its length is 2857 km and its mean multiannual discharge is about 6500 m3/s, thus ranking second to Volga river. Romania is the country with the largest surface situated within Danube catchments river basin (97.4%), representing 29% of catchments river basin. The water resources of the Danube in Bazias section amount to 173 billion cubic meters (m3), 3,30 billion m3 of which are technically usable resources. Our analysis aimed at determining those complex meteorological situations at the European continent level that generated exceptional discharges along the Danube river, resulting in severe flooding, causing in turn heavy damages, fatalities, population evacuations and considerable rehabilitation costs. A complex analysis was performed, of statistical-synoptic type and those complex meteorological situations were identified that determined the occurrence of such disasters. Discharges and levels of the Danube river were used along the whole measuring period, data from the archive of the National Meteorological Administration, and data, map and image archives from Wetterzentrale (Kartenarchiv, NCEP, NCAR, AVN etc.). The complex meteorological situations at the level of the European continent that generated exceptional discharges along the Danube river correlate with intense cyclonic activity, of both the Icelandic and the Mediterranean cyclones, with the negative phase of the North-Atlantic Oscillation and with decreasing or minimum solar activity (according to data from NOAA's Space Environment Center). The most disastrous floods occurred in the spring of 2006. The paper is important for meteorologists, in their weather forecasting activity, for hydrologists, in their hydrological forecasting and for the organizations involved in the flood management.
2010-025 CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND/OR HUMAN IMPACT !? Prof. Ognjen Bonacci Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Split University, Croatia
Abstract:
IPCC establishes the increase of approximately 0.8±0.1 șC in the average global temperature near Earth's surface since 1900, and strongly connects it with anthropogenic influences of "greenhouse gasses". American Geophysical Union considers that the complexity of the climate system makes it difficult to predict some aspects of human induced climate change. Climate change has become widely synonymous with that of global warming. This is paradoxically, construed in a very negative way as inevitably catastrophic in whole planet. For the detailed and unbiased analysis of this great planetary problem one of the obstacle is that the science of climate change is inextricably mixed up with politics and media. In this paper some long lasting hydrological and climatological time series are used in order to explain differences between the concepts of climate changes and climate variability. Second goal of the paper is explanation of interconnections between natural (geophysical) and human impacts on variability observed in these long lasting time series. Definite conclusions are that impacts of climate change are very uncertain, and that human interventions can influence hydrological and climatological changes on restricted (local or regional) regions.
2010-026 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AGNPS MODEL ON STEEP SLOPES BY MEANS OF GIS
Halit Apaydin 1, Fazli Ozturk 1 1 University of Ankara, Turkey
Abstract:
Non-point source pollution has become a significant topic for several researches and these researches have revealed numerous models and modeling techniques. In this study, commonly used rainfall-runoff-erosion model (AGNPS-Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model) was examined to investigate its applicability on steep slopes. The use of GIS to improve the efficiency of the model was also considered. The data collected for this study were from the Guvenc basin which covers an area of about 16 km2 in Ankara, Turkey. It has a high slope (up to 49 %) and sediment yield ratio (35.83 t/ha/year) compared with Turkey's average of 2.18 t/ha/year. The annual average rainfall is 562 mm, with an average temperature of 11.7 °C, and relative humidity of 62 percent.
The Guvenc basin was divided into 52 subbasins by GIS software considering topography. Beside determination of watershed area and subbasin boundaries, also contributing cell, subbasin which cell includes, cell area, average elevation, slope, aspect, topographic factor, flow length, flow slope, concentrated slope and concentrated length was determined by GIS. Model predictions were compared with measured data between years of 1997 and 2000. During this period annual average rainfall was 562.3 mm and surface runoff was 176.7 mm. AGNPS, predicted 166.5 mm surface runoff at that time period.
2010-027 COMPARATIVE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGY OF PONDS WITH VARYING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Kannan Doraipandian 1, Arun raja Thangasamy 1 1 Thiagarajar College (Autonomous),India
Abstract:
Man-made ponds are among the important entity of wetland ecosystem and have different utilization potential and adapted with varying management practices. The present work is envisaged with the objective of comparing the ecological nature of the ponds. The two ponds selected for this study are located in close vicinity in Sivagangai District of southern India and differ from each other in utilization as the first pond supports migratory birds visits and the other pond has no such migratory birds inhabitation and both the pond water is used for irrigation. Environmental nature of soil, sediments, water and vegetation biodiversity in the ponds was studied in different season at those ponds. Data acquisition on resources utilization by the indigenous community was also studied. Results of the present study would be useful in making proper management guidelines for the sustained nature of the ponds.
Key words: Pond ecology, Migratory birds, Sivagangai District, Southern India
2010-028 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL RISKS FROM CONSUMPTION OF FISH FOR THE POPULATION LIVING IN THE CHEMICAL WEAPON DUMPING AREA IN THE BALTIC SEA
Margarita Katkova RPA "Typhoon", Kaluga region , Russia
Abstract:
Chemical weapon dumped during the World War II in the Baltic Sea is causing anxiety of the world community and the population living in the countries located in the vicinity of the dumping sites. One of such areas is the part of water area close to the Bornholm Island. The experimental studies in this area have been carried out during 2007-2008 within the frameworks of the EU MERCW project «Modelling of Environmental Risks related to Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons», and also with possible impact of the flooded chemical weapon on the Baltic Sea ecology. The basic goal of present paper is to assess the risk for the population from consumption of fish caught in the chemical weapon dumping area in the Bornholm Deep. The estimation of risk for the population from consumption of fish containing arsenic compounds was made. It is shown that the level of risk perception for the population makes the amount at which (according to the classification of cancerogenic risks) it is recommended to the persons making decisions to take measures for its decrease.
Key words: the chemical weapon, arsenic, island Bornholm, risk assessment
2010-029 EVALUTION OF POTENTIAL POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER BY TRACE ELEMENTS ORIGINATING FROM POWER PLANTS ASHES
Slobodanka Marinkovic 1, Prvoslav Trifunovic 1, Rade Tokalic 1, Aleksandra Kostic-Pulek 1
1 Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract:
Coal ashes (flay ash and bottom ash) from pawer plants contain trace elements that can be possible pollutants of surface and ground waters. Some of trace elements in coal ashes are naturally radioactive and make possible risk of radiation. Because of that, the examination of leaching of trace elements from coal ashes and determination of radioactivity of coal ashes are very important information for safe disposal of them, without harmful impact to environment (water, soil). In this work, the extracts of fly ash and bottom ash from the Serbian "Nicola Tesla" power plant was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine the concentration of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cr, Sb, Fe and Al in them. Also, it was determined the radioactive contamination of the mentioned ashes (the specific activity of the radioactive nuclides: 238U, 235U, 40K, 226Ra). The results obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy have shown that the concentrations of Cd and Pb in the extracts of flay ash and bottom ashes from the "Nicola Tesla" power plant were higher than it was limited in Italian and German lows for safe disposal of coal ashes (there is no Serbian low about it). Consequently, potential pollution of natural water by Cd and Pb from disposal sites of the "Nicola Tesla" power plant could be possible (according to the mentioned lows). The results of the determination of the radioactive contamination of the ashes from the "Nicola Tesla" power plant showed that it did not exceed the permissible limits, according to Serbian regulation. On this way, these results indicate that eventually dissolution of radioactive nuclides from disposal sites of the "Nicola Tesla" power plant in natural water could not be harmful, very probably.
Key words: Pollution of natural water, fly ash, bottom ash
2010-030 WATER QUALITY AND HUMAN INFLUENCE ON COASTAL ECOSYSTEM OF SOUTH INDIA D.Sanna Durgappa Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India
Abstract:
The problem confronting coastal resource managers in the west coast of India is analogous to the question of whether economic policy makers in India should be focusing on restoring the fundamentals of capitalism. Pragmatic monitoring and prediction capabilities must also be built to provide further confidence that human impacts are being minimized. There is a need to develop a framework to integrate biodiversity effects methods with risk assessment methodology. Such integration will improve the basis for risk-based assessment of coastal health. To protect estuary and coastal ecosystems and the health of communities effectively, management infrastructure requires the tools and resources necessary to detect damage to estuary and coastal ecosystems and their components, identify causative agents, impose remedial action, and demonstrate that measures have been effective. In contrast, bottom-up restoration strategies not only simplify planning, but they recognize that basal ecological mechanisms are what define coastal ecosystems. Populations of the majority of fish species showed drastic reduction over the past five decades in west coast of India. We conducted an intensive study of Aghanashini estuary for water quality and fish diversity in west coast of India. Coastal ecosystems are impacted by many stressors and are continually subjected to threats from multiple stresses imposed mostly by human activities predominantly as a result of increased population growth in India. The most significant categories of threats derive from water pollution from numerous sources including thermal effluents, heavy metals, oil, sewage, pesticides, pulp mills, habitat loss and degradation: overexploitation: eutrophication and misguided human perceptions. Wide array of prohibited fishing methods are rampant by using of insecticides as poisons, destruction and modification of habitats, dynamiting, using chemical and herbal poisons. Due to deteriorated water quality from anthropogenic activities fish diversity has drastically reduced. In complex coastal ecosystems, strategies for restoration can become equally complicated. Our tendency to want to predict and establish performance targets for the charismatic megafauna which populate the higher trophic levels of an ecosystem may reduce our ability to actually implement restoration plans.
Key words: Human activity, water quality, fisheries
2010-031 FLUORIDE LEACHING IN GROUNDWATER CRIPPLES LIFE IN PARTS OF INDIA Surendra Sharma Carman Residential and Day School, India
Abstract:
Fluoride problems are wide spread in India especially in nine States covering almost the entire country. In order to assess the water quality and the related health problems due to high fluoride content, water samples from nine States across India have been collected and analyzed. Analyses from surface, subsurface and thermal water samples had fluoride concentration that range from < 0.2 to 13.2 ppm. The probable source of high fluoride relates to the water-rock interaction within the sedimentary basins. During rock weathering and subsequent circulation of pore water through the soil and rock matrix, fluorine is leached out, mainly from the mineral fluorite (CaF2) and calcium difluoride, and dissolved in the ground water. Human health affects of high fluoride content in water are manifested in the form of "endemic fluorosis" causing tooth mottling and inducing the prevalence of osteoporosis and collapsed vertebrae. Fluorosis has no known treatment other than early detection and limiting the amount of fluoride ingested. The concentration of fluoride below 1.5 ppm according to World Health Organization (WHO) is helpful in the prevention of tooth decay, and such level of fluoride also assists in the development of perfect bone structure in human and animals but long term ingestion of drinking water having fluoride concentration above 1.5 ppm leads to dental and skeletal fluorosis as well as non skeletal manifestations. High fluoride consumption leads to the fluorosis of the bones which is generally found in Asian region but it is particularly acute in India. Reducing the high fluorine content of groundwater is done by dilution or by defluorination process. Dilution with the surface water is one very simple technique but not very practical in water scarce India. In-situ treatment is now receiving more attention. Alkaline soils can be remedied through the application of gypsum, pyrite and sulfuric acid. Gypsum treatment is the classical method of alleviating the soil alkalinity but makes the water harder. However, this may be an advantage of getting a higher intake of Ca++ which can mitigate the effect of F-. Encouraging results have been obtained for lowering fluoride content in water using turmeric and planting the poplar trees (populus deltoids) trees in affected to alleviate sodicity in soils. But the addition of Ca++ ions to the fluoride rich groundwater causes an appreciable decrease in fluoride concentration which appears to be the potential cost effective solution to high fluoride problem in an otherwise water scarce India.
2010-032 LONG-TERM ALTERATIONS TO THE VARNA-BELOSLAV LAKE COMPLEX DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES (BULGARIAN BLACK SEA COAST) Hristo Stanchev 1, Veselin Peychev 1, Atanas Palazov 1, Margarita Stancheva 1 1 Institute of Oceanology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Varna, Bulgaria
Abstract: There are several larger lakes at the 412 km long Bulgarian Black Sea coastline, as each distinguishes with a specific hydrological regime and parameters. The deepest and the largest is the Varna Lake, located west from the Bay of Varna at the North Bulgarian coast. The lake is a firth formation at the river valley under a rising sea level during the Holocene, when it was divided from the sea by a large sandy spit. In 1900s with construction of Varna Port a navigational channel between Varna Lake and the sea was built, while in 1920s it was artificially connected to the inland Beloslav Lake by other navigational channel. Since the beginning of the past century the two lakes have been subject of many direct human impacts, such as: digging of three navigational channels; situating a number of ports with different functions; constantly performed dredging activities etc. The aim of this paper was to trace the long-term changes to the lakes of Varna and Beloslav mostly associated with human activities over a 100-year period. Two types of data were used: historical topographic map from 1910 in scale 1:200 000 and nautical maps in scale 1:10 000 from 1994. The data were processed and analyzed with support of GIS and modeling in order to quantify the changes of areas and volumes of the lakes, as well as of the navigational channel between them. The findings from the study clearly reveal significant alterations of the two lakes that have been caused by increased anthropogenic impacts over the whole past century. As a result, the lakes were irreversibly altered in areas, water volumes, hydrological parameters and ecology.
Keywords: water balance; lakes; human impact; 3D GIS model; Bulgaria.
2010-033 CLIMATIC RISKS AND INFORMATIONAL DATABASE Maria Nedealcov Institute of Ecology and Geography, Academy of Sciences, Republic of Moldova
Abstract:
Climatic risks intensity and frequency growth in the past few decades demands using a vast informational database that would allow identifying their regional manifestation particularities adequately In this sense, Geographical Informational Systems ensure simultaneous access to informational database on different level (world, regional, local), obtaining operatively complex analysis of risks under investigation. Keeping in mind that in most cases climatic risks have regional character of manifestation, the actual investigations are of great scientific interest, as they can be useful for comparison with the researches executed abroad.
2010-034 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (D.S.S.) FOR REGIONAL AND NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY PLANNING Eilon Adar 1, Nehemiah Hassid 1 1 Ben Gurion University, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Israel
Abstract: Planning a new or additional regional water supply system involves the processing of a huge number of parameters, optimizations and the selection of the best between various alternatives. The presented research project suggests a hydro-economic assessment and cost model, consists of specific tools and methodologies for a computerized economic assessment of various scenarios of water supply and demand. These tools assist in computing costs and benefits, as well as finding optimal solutions for defined demands. The computerized tools enable the establishment of rapid comparisons between dissimilar backgrounds, at different periods of time, under various assumptions, granting the selection of the best cost-benefit solution from a set of alternative feasible systems, which meets the defined demand and time requirements. Such tools may serve as a Decision Support System (D.S.S.) for regional and national water supply planning. The newly developed model was tested on four hypothetical scenarios of freshwater production, based on real data from the Negev Highlands, illustrating the model's ability to integrate various hydrological and technical components with variable weights and roles within the water distribution system. With the appropriate adjustments, the model might be applied to other areas with similar climatic properties. Each of the four scenarios emphasized one or more of the following items: depth of aquifer, groundwater quality, reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant, water distribution distances, energy, production rates and demand in terms of quantity, quality and pressure. The model selected the less expensive scenario, able to supply the defined demand. The main factors that affected the cost of water have been found to be: - The cost of desalination as a function of the chemical content of the raw water ; - The cost of disposal of the brine produced by the desalination as a function of the disposal method ; - The cost of energy (pumping, desalination).
Key words: Decision support system, cost model, desalination, brackish water, water supply
2010-035 BOTTOM NATURAL COMPLEXES REGIONALIZATION WITH APPLICATION OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS (ON AN EXAMPLE OF THE NORTHERN REGION OF THE CASPIAN SEA) Natalia Mitina 1, Boris Malashenkow 1 1 Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Abstract:
The aim of this work is studying features of modern structure of bottom natural complexes of northern region of Caspian sea, a substantiation of their classification and division into districts of water area. The technique of classification BNC of northern region of Caspian sea is developed. The analysis of the natural data processed by quantitative methods in a combination with traditional, has revealed the number of laws allowing обоснованно to group natural complexes on presence of sets of significant correlation communications and to carry out their typology, i. е. reveal groups homogeneous BNC a large rank - from physical -geographical areas up to facies. As the main classification attributes coastal landscapes along a coastal line, a relief of a bottom, particle size structure, hydrological and hydrodynamical parameters of water weights, phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos biomass are chosen. The substantiation hierarchical соподчинения the personal computer from areas up to districts is lead with application of quantitative methods. It is received, that each of the allocated areas and subareas has the natural features expressed in significant correlation communications, to notice which without attraction of numerical methods it is practically impossible. The following lower on a rank of unit of physical-geographical division into districts (from district up to facies) were allocated with a traditional method of complex use of results of researches of the components presented in the form of a set of cards and the description of revealed laws. Within the limits of investigated water area of Caspian sea (the Physical -geographical country) two physical-geographical areas - North Caspian sea and Middle Caspian sea are allocated; five subareas - North Caspian coastal, North Caspian near shore, Middle Caspian continental shallow, Middle Caspian continental slope, Middle Caspian abyssal plain; three districts - Sulak -Terec-Kuma accumulative plain, Volga-Ural accumulative plain, Northern Mangyshlak; 23 landscapes - Sulak river deltoid alluvial-accumulative boggy plain, Terec river accumulative deltoid plain, Tersko-Kumsky interstream accumulative sea plain, Kizlyar estuaries accumulative sea plain, Kuma river deltoid accumulative plain, Chernie zemli sea accumulative plain, Volga river accumulative deltoid plain, Volga-Ural interstream accumulative sea boggy plain with lagoons, Ural river deltoid alluvial-accumulative plain, Ural-Emba interstream accumulative sea plain, Near-Caspian Caracum, Mertvij Kultuk sors, sea sors accumulative plain, sea accumulative plain Buzachi, Gulf of Mangyshlak, Volgo-Caspian plain, Uralskaya deep trench, Ural-Emba plain, Abrasion terrace of the North Caucasian foothills, Denudation-erosive structural coastal plain Tjub-Karagan peninsula, Agrahanskaja terrace, Continental slope of the North Caucasian foothills; eight districts and 40 complex natural boundaries. This research was funded by Russian Found for Basic Research project 09-05-00893-а.
2010-036 VOLGA-CASPIAN WATER ECOSYSTEMS STABILITY UNDER THE POSSIBLE CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL FLUCTUATION Natalia Mitina 1, Boris Malashenkow 1 1 Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Abstract: According to the data of WMO during the nearest several decades in the region of the Caspian sea watershed area various scenarios predict the rising of annual air temperature by 2 to 4° C. As the result of the anticipated climate warming the volume of the annual water flow of the Volga will increase by 15-20%, but during the year this volume will not be equal within months. During the spring flooding caused by snow melting, the volume of flow will be 40% higher than today and during the summer rain floods the volume of flow will decrease by 20% to the modern state. These processes will influence the water ecosystems, but in each region they will have their own features. In the region of the Upper Volga increase of the flow due to snow melting and temperature increase together with increasing precipitation and changes in the snow melting processes may cause serious inundations. Inundations will widen the zones of under-flooding that may cause the ground water table increase and accordingly to additional widening of swamp massive. The water from the shallow floodplain territories flow into the deep channel part of the reservoir and provoke the oxygen deficit which results in massive fish kill. Researches in some regions showed that together with the water temperature increase the increase of the ammonium level and nitrogen of ammonia take place on one hand and decrease of the level of dissolved oxygen, especially during the dry and warm period of the year, on the other hand. In the region of the Lower Volga the anticipated temperature increase and the surface flow during summer decrease will cause the increased demand for water in the irrigated areas, which suffer from the drought now. Climate change effect will lead to additional increase of water consumption. Changes in the level of inner waters may influence the regime of navigation and endanger the fisheries, the terms of sprawing of existing species will change and more heat-loving species may intrude.
Key words: climate change, Volga-Caspian water ecosystem
2010-037 INTERACTIVE GROUND WATER DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION IN DIGITAL FORMAT FOR DATA SHARING Jasminko Karanjac Dr.Ivana Ribara 163, 11070 Beograd, Serbia
Abstract: In a recent ground water project covering a transboundary area between Bulgaria and Romania in Dobrudja/Dobrogea, data collection and assessment was the key input to developing a monitoring programme, making a groundwater model, and to establishing a ground water information system (GWIS). All information from all institutions in both countries were compiled, analyzed, processed and presented as a Baseline Analysis Report (BAR). The report, produced on a CD with over 600MB of information, included all categories of groundwater, meteorological, climatological, water quality and water use data, many legal documents, various reports, GIS maps, etc. The following categories of groundwater-related data have been compiled, analyzed, processed, turned into information, stored in a dedicated Ground Water Information System (GWIS), and presented as a Baseline Analysis Report:
- Lithology and stratigraphy of drilled formations (wells' database with over 800 wells); - Groundwater quality (individual samples and time series most often in the interval from 1996 through end of 2006); lake water quality; - Groundwater levels (hydrographs) covering at some sites the period from 1970s through today; - Groundwater abstractions and water distribution; - Meteorological data (rainfall, temperature, evaporation, etc.); - Hydrological data (river discharge, lake levels, lake water storage); - Legal data (water-related legislation); - GIS layers, maps, various publications and professional papers, and other data.
The Baseline Analysis Report (BAR) was prepared simulating a web portal using the HTML allowing quick access to information uploaded to the CD. The output of the BAR was used as input to other project components (Monitoring, Modelling, and GWIS). The project's team was of opinion that data prepared in graphical formats, in maps, lithological logs and cross sections, as time series, etc. are of help in making assessments and interpretations of hydrogeology, water quality, and availability of groundwater resources and current use of groundwater resources. The data in an easily-retrievable format are of help in arriving at conceptual model of the groundwater system. Thus, the information presented on the CD is considered "resource" information. Clicking on any entry in a menu or submenu, information is retrieved either as a diagram, a map, a text, a document, etc. Mostly information is presented in graphical format as jpg files, diagrams, maps, photos, etc. Following links on the Main Menu, other information can be retrieved such as hydrogeological cross sections, groundwater quality, meteorological data, water levels in lakes and observation wells, discharge of rivers, various time series, and much more.
Key words:Interactive data presentation, transboundary ground water, ground water data sharing
2010-038 VARIOUS CALCULATION INDEXES FOR EVAPORABILITY FOR REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA'S TERRITORY Maria Nedealcov 1, Tatiana Constantinov 1, Ilie Mangul 1, Rodica Cojocari 1, Olga Crivova 1 1 Institute of Ecology and Geography, Moldovian Academy Science, Republic of Moldova
Abstract:
On the basis of measurements from 14 meteorological stations and using different interpolation methods we calculated evaporability. At the same time have been drawn maps showing the spatial variation of evaporability on the territory of the Republic of Moldova.
Key words: evaporability, spatial interpolation
2010-039 REMOTE SENSING FOR LAND APPLICATION - WILDFIRE AND DROUGHT
Antoaneta Frantzova Aerospace Monitoring Center, Bulgaria
Abstract: Aerospace Monitoring Center (ASMC) at the Ministry of emergency situation was established in the middle of the 2007 year. The Center is the first ever existed structure in the country which is equipped with real time data acquisition systems from earth observing satellites and its main aims and tasks are focused on monitoring, risk and disaster analysis as well as damage assessment. The center is equipped with two receiving satellite ground stations (one for NOAA - AVHRR and Feng-Yun - MVISR, and second for TERRA/Aqua - MODIS) for real time data receiving and processing. For a first time in Bulgaria sophisticated software program that detects and monitors wildfires based on data received from satellites is installed in ASMC . The Software downloads real time, high-resolution data directly from the satellites and uses the powerful software to process the data into maps that show the location and estimated size and intensity of wildfires. Also, full suite of algorithms developed by the NASA MODIS Science Teams for Level1, Level2 and Level3 processing are installed in center. Algorithms are divided in 3 groups - Land, Atmosphere and Ocean. The report deals with the methodology for detecting and monitoring of wildfires and drought with remote sensing data. For fire and drought detecting and monitoring we use: - Data from NOAA - AVHRR and TERRA/Aqua MODIS, - Data published in EOWEB, - MODIS Land Algorithms, - National database and spectral library for vegetation index and agriculture data for the last 10 years . The database contains data about land cover and agriculture crops and can be used for drought assessment and analysis and also for estimation of "the best" and "the worst" years concerning agriculture.
2010-040 CURRENT STATUS OF TOURISM AND ITS OPPORTUNITIES FOR ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRESPA LAKES REGION Dorina Grazhdani Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to provide information on the current situation of the tourism on the Albanian side of the lakes Macro and Micro Prespa, along with the existing practices and regulations, and to offer views from an Albanian perspective that will help resolve some of the current difficulties. The Lakes Prespa region is situated in the Balkan Peninsula and is shared among the three neighbouring countries Albania, FYR Macedonia and Greece. The Prespa region hosts unique habitats that are important from both European and global conservation perspective, and populations of numerous rare, relict, endemic, endangered or threatened species. It is also remarkable for its cultural values, including Byzantine monuments and examples of traditional architecture. However, unsustainable agricultural, fisheries, water and forest management practices as well as unsustainable use of non-timber forest products is causing stresses on the ecosystem health of the Prespa Basin. Prespa region is considered one of the most important areas regarding the potential for tourism. However, this potential is unexploited due to the generally unfavourable economic situation and the lack of basic tourist infrastructure. Tourism in the lakes area is small-scale rural and family tourism, based on a few small hotels, private accommodation and restaurants. Domestic guests dominate the Prespa tourism market, with less than five percent of foreign tourists. In general, the quality of the lake water appears to be within the acceptable limits. The future of the tourist development in the area is sustainable ecotourism which should keep a balance among the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development in order to guarantee long-term benefits to the recipient communities.
Key words: Lakes Prespa, ecotourism, pollution, water quality, wastewater
2010-041 MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN AN IRRIGATED SEMI-ARID REGION OF INDIA Ajay Singh 1, Sudhindra N. Panda 2, Peter Krause 3, Wolfgang-Albert Flugel 3 1 Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India 2 School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India 3 Departments of Geoinformatics, Hydrology and Modelling, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
Abstract: Large-scale introduction of canal irrigation in arid and semi-arid areas has increased crop production; on the other hand it also intensified the process of secondary salinisation, which is causing universal concern because of its implication on food security and environment. The problem, however, is amenable to solution through implementation of suitable irrigation and groundwater management policies. The present study focuses on hydrological analysis and the estimation of seasonal net groundwater recharge for the study area, which is located in a semi-arid region of Haryana, India. The analysis showed that the rainfall in the area is quite variable particularly in the monsoon season and that the mean monthly reference evapotranspiration estimated for the study area showed a high inter-annual variation with values between 2.45 and 8.47 mm/d in the month of December and May, respectively. Groundwater recharge analysis revealed that rainfall is the main recharge component in monsoon season (65% of total recharge). Net recharge in the monsoon season is 129.2 million m3, whereas it is negative (-38.4 million m3) during winter season because groundwater abstraction by tubewell pumping is higher than the recharge. Thus, the study area has been receiving a groundwater surplus of 90.8 million m3 during two crop seasons under the present cropping system. The increase in net recharge resulted in an annual groundwater table rise of 0.10 m in the study area over the study period of 13 years. Since water table in the area has been rising continuously, suitable water management strategies has to be suggested to bring the water table down to a safe limit and to prevent further water table rise to ensure sustainable agricultural production. Increase in groundwater abstraction by installing more tubewells and encouraging farmers to use saline groundwater in conjunction with fresh canal water could be one of the management options.
Key words: Water resources management, waterlogging, semi-arid, water balance
2010-042 CLASSIFICATION OF DAY AND NIGHT STABILITY INDEXES OF THE ATMOSPHERE OVER BULGARIA USING REMOTE SENSING Magda Bozhkova Aerospace Monitoring Center, Bulgaria
Abstract: Research of the atmospheric stability, using remote sensing, is now possible in Bulgaria thanks to the ground based station of MODIS data. The algorithm MOD07 "Atmospheric Profiles", established by NASA MODIS Science Team provides information for the profiles of the temperature and the dew point, as well as for three stability indexes: Lifted Index, K-index and Total Totals. The main advantages of these data are: (i) they are available day and night, up to eight times in 24-hours (ii) all the data are available in 5x5km grid; (iii) all the data are available in real time; (iv) for many regions of interest these satellite data are the only source of information. A first attempt for a classification of the stability indexes over Bulgaria based on MODIS data is presented in this report. Most of the existing classifications used in North America and Europe are not applicable for Bulgaria. For this reason an effort is made for detailed analysis of all three indexes together. Moreover, special attention is paid to night images, which are more important for now-casting and forecasts, especially when it is about non-frontal processes with developing of Cumulonimbus and probability of thunderstorm activity summer-time.
Key words: remote sensing, atmosphere, Lifted Index, K-index, Total Totals
2010-043 TURKEY SURFACE WATER POTENTIAL AND ITS CHANGE IN TIME Mehmet Yildiz Electrical Power Resources, Ankara, Turkey
Abstract: Water
which is in brisk demand for drinking, watering, energy and the other
requirements gains in importance in Turkey day by day. Questions about
the existence of water which is rised in value and its changes in the
period of time are placed on the agenda importantly. This study which
intends to answer these questions, surveys the position of surface
water trend and its changes in the period of time. In this study, data
of daily mean, annual mean and maximum, minumun trend belonging to 130
of river observation stations in the 25 basins in Turkey are used.
When the changes in the trends according to distribution over the
regions are examined with the available water potential, trends of
rivers in Marmara, Ege, Ic Anadolu,(including Sakarya basin)and Akdeniz
regions, have a change. This change observed in the trend is in the
position of decreasing generally except same stations. As a conclusion,
in the last 39-73 years, it is obvious that there is a decreasing trend
in surface water in the west, middle and South regions. In contrast,
surface water in the other regions increases in the period of time.
Key words: Water Potential, River Basin, Trend, drought, Dry and Wet Period
2010-044 EVALUATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPE GOOSEBERRY (PHYSALIS PERUVIANA L.) PLANTS UNDER THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF SOUTH BULGARIA Ani Popova 1, Nikolay Panayotov 1, Kalinka Kuzmova 1 1 Agricultural University, Bulgaria
Abstract: Cape gooseberry is a new vegetable crops for Bulgarian agriculture. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the environmental conditions and their influence on the plant development of Cape gooseberry. The experiment was carried out in Experimental fields of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria with two varieties Plovdiv and Obrazetc 1. The plants were grown by both technology - with seedlings and with direct sowing in tree term of sowing 1, 15 and 30 March and 1, 15 and 30 April, respectively. The average daily temperature, total active temperature sum, maximal and minimal temperature, rainfall, relative humidity for vegetation period were measured. The morphological characteristics such as a high of stem, number, weight and area of leafs, total weight of plant, number of flowers and fruits per plants were investigated. The productivity also was established. The relations between vegetative behaviors and elements of climatic conditions was determinate. The correlation between average daily temperature and total active temperature sum form one hand and morphological development of plant form other hand were calculate. The significant of the environmental conditions on the productivity was established. Better results for South Bulgarian conditions on the yield was registered from the technology with direct sowing.
2010-045 DETERMINATION OF DISCHARGE BY ENTROPY CONCEPT IN NATURAL RIVER Mehmet Ardiclioglu 1, Huseyin Bilgin 2 1 Erciyes University, Department of Civil Engineering Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Epoka University, Rruga e Durresit, Tirana, Albania
Abstract: Determination of flow discharge is most important for different demands such as water management, water supply, pollution control, irrigation, flood control, energy generation, and industrial use. The classical methods such as empirical formulas including much elusiveness and velocity samples requires a great amount of time and effort. In this study, flows discharges in natural rivers have been investigated by using entropy concept together with measuring data by Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). Field measurements were undertaken on the River Kizilirmak basin, which flows through the central Anatolia in Turkey. The classical methods and entropy method are compared with discharge calculating and found that entropy equation gives good results and application of this method is very easy for natural rivers.
2010-046 INFLUENCE OF SOME BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEPPER SEEDLINGS Nikolay Panayotov 1, Mladen Naydenov 1, Jordanka Kartalska 1, Krassimir Sapundjiev 1 1 Agricultural University, Bulgaria
Abstract: The development of pepper plants depends on quality of transplants. In soil, the great number of microorganism colonized the root system and stimulated the plant development. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of some beneficial microorganism on the development of pepper seedlings. Experiments were carried out with pepper cultivars Kurtuvska kapia 1619 and Bulgarski rotund. The substrate for sowing of seeds and growing of plant was inoculated with bacterias Bacillus subtilis strain A1 and Pantoeae agglomerans strain B43 and fungi Trichoderma viride strain T6 in doses 50 ml, 100 ml and 150 ml. The treatment was done also 10 days after prickling. The morphological characteristics of plants such as a weight and volume of roots, weight, height and thickness of stem, weight and number of leafs and number of flower buds were studied at the moment of transplanting. The treated plants were with better development. The strongest roots were observed in application of 150 ml Bacillus subtilis and Pantoea agglomerans B43. Highest stems were development plants treated with Bacillus subtilis A1 and Trichoderma viride T6. The number and weight of leafs increased mostly in variants Bacillus subtilis and Pantoea agglomerans B43 while the generative behaviors were influenced significant in Pantoea agglomerans B43. Total vegetative weight was highest in both varieties in inoculation with Pantoea agglomerans B43.
2010-047 SOME NEW DATA IN FLORA OF LALZI BAY Alma Imeri 1, Alfred Mullaj 2 1 Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania 2 Faculty of Natural and Science, Albania
Abstract: In Lalzi bay, we have identified a rich flora of Coastal wetlands as well as aluvional forests. In the composition of aluvional forests it is worth mentioning the species Humulus lupulus, Vitis sylvestris, Malus sylvestris, Ficus carica var. caprificus, these species present the most important source of germoplasm, and the wild ancestors of nowdays fruity cultures. Our surveys over the blooming phenomenon in costal vegetation at Lalzi Bay, can distinguish a dependence between blooming phases and environmental conditions (soil, salinity, hidrologycal conditions). Therefore, in high salinity soils, the vegetation blooms among the periods of July to October. More different is the situation with the other species that belong to not that high salinity environment. They represent an early bloom period. Spring-Summer bloom is presented in psamofil vegetation, when salinity is absent. During expeditions carried out the years 2008-2009, it is collected a rich floristic material. Based on the literature like a "Flora of Europaea", "Flora of Albania" etc, finally we have identified two new species for Albania's Flora, they will represent a modest contribution in this direction. 1. Scirpus setaceus L., Sp. Pl. 49 (1753) 2. Polypogon maritimus Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Schr. 3:442 (1801)
2010-048 DETECTING TRENDS IN DRINI RIVER BASIN Miriam Bogdani Ndini Institute for Energy, Water and Environment, University of Polytechnics, Tirana, Albania
Abstract: The present study aims to analyze the river flow of Drini River, situated in northern Albania, using the data from this watershed. The objective of the study is to investigate whether there is any support for increases in river floods in observational data. Flood trend studies tend to focus in the annual maximum flood series, which means that in years with many high flows only one flood event per year will be selected, and in years with no large flows at all, a relatively low flow will be selected. In the present study it is used a Peak-Over- Threshold approach (POT), selecting all floods above a certain threshold that occur in an entire flow record, provided that the floods extracted can be regarded as independent. This means that in one particular year several floods may be recorded, whereas in another year no floods may be recorded. Thus the use of POT series also allows an estimate of the trend in the frequency of floods, rather just their magnitude, by calculating the number of POTs that occur each year and investigating the trend in this series. The data to be use are these of maximum monthly river flow in Drini river basin and are selected to be free of human influence ( as much as it is possible). The method used to estimate whether there is a significant positive or negative trend in flood magnitude and frequency is the linear regression. By this method a regression line fits to the series and the slope describes whether the trend is strong or not. The null hypothesis is that the slope of the line is zero. However, the linear regression method requires the assumption of normal distribution and is very sensitive to outliers in the data, by ranking the observation and applying the non-parametric Mann â" Kendall test, a more robust measure of trend is obtained.
Key words: flood, water regime, peak over treshold
2010-049 THE IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA: THE LAKE CHAD, ADAPTATION AND VULNERABILITY Babagana Abubakar 1, Mustapha Muhammed Idris 1 1 Kanuri Development Association, Nigeria
Abstract: The "Lake Chad" is one of the world's largest and most historical Lake located in the Sahel region of Africa (lat. 12:30 N to 14:30 N and long. 13:00E to 15:30 E ) which is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change bordering North-Eastern Nigeria, North-Western Cameroon, South-Eastern Niger and South Western Chad republics. The lake was 25,000 km square in the 1940s as indicated by the historians and some geo- archaeological and historical evidences, the recent of which was the accidental discovery of an ancient Canoe dating back to over three thousand years (3000) located in about Six hundred kilometers (600) away from the present day bank of the Lake in the Nigerian Territory, in the year 1992 by a peasant farmer from the Kanuri inhabited desert areas of Damaturu-Nigeria, while digging a well in quest of water for his domestic activities as reported by Abubakar, B. (IJNA 37.2,2008), but due to the continues incessant impacts of climate change in Africa which resulted in the incessant drying of rivers especially those feeder rivers supplying over 90 % of the Lake water like the River Shari in the republic of Cameroon and the river Yobe in Nigeria has resulted those community living along the courses or banks of the feeder rivers to be blocking the rivers from supplying the water in to the Lake while trying to adapt to this climate change situation by building Dams along these feeder rivers in quest of water for their irrigational activities as well as other activities like the generation of Hydro electric city and other relevant activities. This situation has resulted in the reduction of the water of the Lake to just 1800 km square and presently the Lake is at (lat. 12:50 N to 13:00 N and long. 14:50 to 15:00 E). Hence this situation has already started causing problems to the indigenous communities living around and depending on the Lake for their survival, because there is increasing drop in fishing activities in the lake as well as reduction in water supply for pastoral and irrigation farming activities in addition to other secondary impacts like the increasing rate of rural-urban migration, job loses and desert encroachments due to the growing numbers of people running into the fire wood selling businesses which depends on the deforestation of the shrubs and the little scattered trees serving as a shelter belt between the Sahara desert located in the north of the Sahel region and the fertile Lands. It was in view of the above, I came up with the under listed suggestions/recommendations: 1. Since the geology of the Lake Chad basin is indicating that the basin is holding one of the world's largest reserves of underground water, The United Nations in collaboration with the governments of the member countries of the "Lake Chad Commission" should jointly source for fund and invest in redeveloping the Chad basin area, through modern irrigation agriculture water project like the one commission in Libya in the early 1990's. 2. The River Congo in the Democratic Republic of Congo presently flowing in to the Atlantic Ocean and which was geographically thought to be among the ancient or earlier major feeder rivers of the Lake in the past, should be diverted to be flowing in to the Lake again. 3. The governments of the member countries of the Lake Chad Commission in collaboration with the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of the West African State (ECOWAS) should encourage and attract foreign investment into the Lake Chad area to help revive the Lake. 4. The Lake Chad research institutes should be properly funded. 5. Non-agricultural investments should be encouraged in order to avoid the growing pressure on fishing on the already drying lake. 6. Lake Chad University should be established by all or any of the stakeholders in order to provide jobs, promote research and education for the children of the inhabitants. 7. Since oil prospectors are already discovering new oil fields within the Lake Chad Region as in the case of the Lake Chad basin areas of the republics of Chad and Niger, the Lake Chad commission should ensure the employment of the inhabitants of this area is given an upper priority in this new emergent petroleum industries in order to reduce pressure and over dependence on this Lake. 8. The United Nations Environmental Program and relevant stakeholders on water issues should assist in their capacities and technical know-how in preventing the pollution of the lake from the newly emergent petroleum industries within the Lake Chad basin. 9. The indigenous communities should be mainstream into the decision Making processes in reviving the lake as well as fighting climate change. 10. Expert on climate change should be organizing series of educative Conferences, seminars, workshops and training on climate change and adaptation.
I believe that if the above-mentioned suggestions /recommendations are adopted and implemented it will help protect the Lake Chad from completely drying up in one hand and save the lives of millions of people and animals depending on the Lake for their survival which is facing the impacts of climate change.
2010-050 METEOROLOGICAL EXTREME EVENTS AND THEIR EVALUATION BASED ON CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO Liri Mucaj 1, Vangjel Mustaqi 1, Eglantina Bruci 2 1 Institute for Energy, Water and Environment, Albania 2 Climate Change Program/UNIT, UNDP Tirana, Albania
Abstract: Extreme meteorological events are present in the downstream of Drini River. Regarding to the climate change scenario for Albania which leads to an increase of these extreme meteorological elements, review existing information is evaluated. Trend of occurrence of meteorological hazardous for the time horizons 2025, 2050, and 2100 are evaluated based on climate change scenario for Albania. Taking into account the increase of temperature, suggested from scenario, a decrease of number of frozen day <-5°C will occur. (Less than one day/year).An increase of about 10 day/year with the temperature >35°C by 2100 time horizons is expecting. Another extreme event is droughts. They have dramatically increased in the number and intensity in some parts of Balkan Region. Also an increase of the consecutive number of no rainy days is expected. Thus, the SPI index for Albania is calculated in the frame of the project Drought Management Centre for Southeaster Europe (DMCSEE) financed by European Union through South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme. The impact of the meteorological hazardous in some of the key economic sectors is estimated too.
Key words: extreme meteorological elements (heavy rain, extreme temperature, drought, strong wind,), climate change scenario, impact in some of the key economic sectors
2010-051 TREND ANALYSIS OF MAXIMUM SNOW DEPTH AND WATER EQUIVALENCE
Mustafa Ozkaya 1, Yucel Kaya 1, Esref Batur 1, Mustafa Saban 1 1 General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration, Turkey
Abstract: Trend analysis of time series of annual maximum sow depth, time series of sow water equivalence of annual maximum sow depth and time series of annual maximum snow water equivalence were carried out at 17 snow measurement stations located in Yukari Kizilirmak, Seyhan, Firat ve Dicle-Zap catchments. Elevation of stations are changing between 1300-2400 m. Observation periods of stations are changing from 1966 to 2008 year. Mann-Kendall trend method are used for trend analysis. As a results of his study, it has been determined that there was no change at all stations for long term (1966-2008) period except at two station (18-K01 and 18-K03). Downward trend for station no:18-K01 and upward trend for station no:18-K03 is determined.
Key words: Maximum Snow Depth, Water Equivalence of Maximum Snow Depth, Trend Analysis, Mann-Kendall Trend Method
2010-052 THE STUDY OF FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN THE LAKE OHRID ECOSYSTEM Hysen Mankolli Department of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania
Abstract: The ecosystem of Ohrid Lake is one of the most important areas in Albania because of the variety of diversity, floristic diversity and variations of cultivating plants. Many spaces of Ohrid ecosystem have a national and international protection. The study: " The study of floristic diversity on the Lake Ohrid ecosystem" realized in the two points of study Tushemisht and St Naum realized on 2007 year. In the Albanian and Macedonian part of the Lake were found one after the other, six areas of vegetation: a. the area of Charts spp., b. the area of Potamogeton spp., c. the area of Phragmites australis or the group of rods, d. the area where prevail floaty kinds of leaves, e. marsh areas f. the area of woods (up to 1000 m). In many places the highest density is noticed in the classes Phragmitetea (close to the waterside) and Charetea (from 5-20 m of depth). In the Albanian and Macedonian part of the lake, is developed the part of rods. The founding of a monitoring system for taking the measures, in order to notice the changes in vegetation. Preservation of the equilibrum between the natural ecosystem and the agroecosystem. Based on the height of the area, they may be divided in: oak forest termofil with wide leaves, where the oak prevails, and Quercus frainetto, associated regularly with Acer inonspessulanum, A. platanoides, Fraxinus ornus in the lowest and warmest parts of oak forests. Forests with oaks that endure the cold, such as Quercus petraea and Q.cerris, associated by Sorbus torminalis, Acer obtusatum, Fraxinus excelsior, encountered in the middle and upper part of the oak forests. Formations of the forests with beech leaves that fall encountered in the upper part of the forest,. A prevailing species is Fagus sylvatica associated by Carpinus betulus, Acer obtusatum, A. pseudoplatanus, Daphne mezereum, Tilia cordata the Sorbus aria, Populus alba, Salix alba, Fikus spp. etc. a species with a special interest is chestnut, Castanea sativa, with woods that grow in the park and in the hills close to Pogradec. Near the hills of Tushemisht and mountain beam , is found an endemic plant Alyssum markgraji (LINNAEUS, 1758).
Key words: vegetation, lake, mountain, ecosystem
2010-053 THE 3 DIMENSIONAL PRESENTATION OF GEO-HAZARDS IN THE TRACK OF VERMICE-MERDARE HIGHWAY Zenun Elezaj 1, Berat Sinani 1 1 F.M.M., Mitrovica, Kosovo
Abstract: Geohazards in general and especially for Highway Vermice-Merdare are widespread phenomena that are related to geological and environmental conditions and involve long-term and/or short-term geological processes. Geohazards can thus be relatively small features, but they can also attain huge dimensions and affect local and regional socio-economy to a large extent. Evidence of geohazards in geohazards map is a necessity to minimize the losses that may be caused by these phenomena. The presentation of different geological processes, their interpretation in 3Dimensional model is more than necessary, to enable real image to these phenomena, which enables and facilitates the protection of these quite dangerous processes.
Identification, description and evidence of geo-hazards phenomena is a very important factor, which is successfully performed during the compilation of geo-hazard map for Vermice-Merdare highway. The most interesting phenomena will be identified for the needs of this paper, which will be recently analyzed by taking all required information. In this paper the geo-hazard phenomena which are of a high probability will be interpreted and will be presented by 3D with animations the succession of probability of their location and chronology. 3D presentation will enable the recognition of the complexity of these phenomena and at the same time will reduce the risk from them.
2010-054 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON ALBANIA: METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF OHRID BASIN Hysen Mankolli Department of Agro-Environment and Ecology,Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania
Abstract: Albania is a small country, there are important climatic differences, (Mankolli H., 2007), which are result of the very broken countryâs relief. Four climatic zones: Lowland-Mediterranean Zone, Hilly-Mediterranean Zone, Pre-mountain-Mediterranean Zone and Mountain-Mediterranean Zone. Typical Mediterranean climate characterizes the lowlands and the plains. The mountainous area has in principle typical continental climate with a slight Mediterranean influence. But there is a significant difference between the North and the South. In the South the summers are drier and the differences between summer and winter temperatures are not as big as in the North. The data climatic for same yearâs period where minimal and maximal temperature and precipitation on micro zone in territorial areas Ohrid_Pogradec, Albania, take on study, we have value from coefficients of Q with small limits boundary. The index Q from applied method Emberger is 102.9. Eco zone in the mountainous and lake ecosystem of Ohrid_Pogradec classification on bioclimatic model, with humidity, with value (Q) over 90. The data climatic for same yearâs period where minimal and maximal temperature and precipitation on micro zone in territorial areas Ohrid_Pogradec, Albania, take on study, we have value from coefficients Ic, It, Io: the index Ic from applied method Rivas Martineâs is 11.13, the index It from applied method Rivas Martineâs is 371.3 and the index Io from applied method Rivas Martines is 4.6.
2010-055 COMPILATION OF GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVA ON PERSONAL COMPUTER PDA Berat Sinani 1, Zenun Elezaj 1 1 Faculty of Mines and Minerals, Kosovo
Abstract: Digitalization of different maps has been and is the main demand of geology experts, the need and interest to have those data in the easy form has increased the demand that this digitalization shall continue also to handheld computer PDA. Processing of geological map for handheld computers has been a request since a long time, hereupon we have processed a geological map for a long time which will be used as an applicative software whether in the office or in the field. This software except the support of the Windows operative system, supports also the mobile operative systems such as Palm OS, Windows Mobile, operative system for telephones and all types of handheld computers. The advantages of use of this map are numerous such as possession of geological map wherever we are, the detailed data and the possibility of their change directly in the field. With the help of this device suitable for the field's conditions, it gives us the possibility of selection, registration, delete and change directly in the field, global positioning and localization of all geological regions the whole automated. The pocket computer gives us the possibility of drawing and presentation of data directly on the screen without the use of additional equipments, internet access, phone access, GPS, the easiest access to the server and easy and simple sending/reception of data. For digitalization of geological map of the Republic of Kosova with scale 1:200000 will be used the software which consists of ten forms, two modules, 352 geological map sheets, forms for selection of data, forms for change and improvement of geological map, high level security, data encryption according to standards etc.
Key words: PDA, Palm OS, Windows Mobile, handled computers
2010-056 IMPLEMENTATION OF URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT DIRECTIVE IN ALBANIA Narin Panariti 1, Paolo Bacca 1, Norman Sheridan1, Jonathan Pearse 1 1 CARDS INPAEL Project, Albania
Abstract: The Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive concerns the collection, treatment and discharge of urban wastewater, but also of wastewater from certain industrial sectors. Albania needs to make due efforts for the proper approximation of this Directive.
This paper presents the results of the first study on this issue, completed in early 2009 by CARDS INPAEL project team: current gaps, challenges and recommendations, measures to be taken and costs to be afforded in order to achieve full approximation of this Directive in Albania in the way of country's accession to the EU.
A preliminary investment plan is drafted for the 15-20 years to come. Estimates have been made for 196 agglomerations along the 6 river basins of the country, representing a total wastewater load of 2,981,700 p.e. As water bodies sensitive to eutrophication have not yet been identified in Albania, it is assumed that all surface water bodies will be designated as 'sensitive areas'.
Different treatment methods have been considered according to the agglomeration size: for small agglomerations - pond systems and constructed wetlands, which may result in a significant reduction of construction and operational costs; for agglomerations of 2,000 - 10,000 p.e. - conventional treatment; for those larger than 10,000 p.e. - advanced treatment with higher removal efficiency for Nitrogen and Phosphorus.
The preliminary investment costs on the above assumptions are estimated to be about 2.4 billion, of which 0.9 billion will go for the Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants and 1.5 billion for the collection treatments. Operating costs build up ultimately to 52 million per year in the 19th year of implementation, when full compliance is expected. The overwhelming majority of costs will be the responsibility of the municipalities. Not necessarily these costs will be met through their own resources. Users of the sanitation services will contribute through Support can be obtained also in the form of grants and soft loans from the EU, IFIs and other bilateral and multilateral aid providers.
Methods used comprise documents and legal framework overview, legal gap analysis, discussion with main stakeholders, identification of necessary implementation measures and their cost assessment.
2010-057 DIATOM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) FLORA OF KARAVASTA LAGOON Skerdilaid Xhulaj 1, Doriana Bode 2 1 Museum of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania 2 Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agriculture University of Tirana, Albania
Abstract: Interesting lagoons and other wetlands with a total surface of 150 km2 extend along the Albanian coast, distinguished for the richness of breeding and refuge habitats for flora and fauna. Actually, the coastal zone and especially wetlands are considered of high economic values, which make the zone to be under the continuous pressure of tourism, aquaculture and fishing, especially Adriatic coast in the other side is affected by the intense activities of agriculture and industry, urban pollution, sand extraction from the rivers, etc. Recently studies on ecology and taxonomy of brackish water diatoms have been intensified and supported by integrated environmental programs. Karavasta lagoon (surface area of 43 km2), situated between the Semani and Shkumbini deltas, is the largest of Albania. It is connected with the see through three short channels. The lagoon is shallow and fluvial in origin. A total of 200 taxa were recorded in planktonic and epiphytic samples taken in different habitats of the lagoon. Pennate diatoms were dominant in all samples. Most abundant species were: Cyclotella choctawhatcheeana, C. ocellata, Melosira nummuloides, Achnanthes amoena, A. brevipes, Amphora copulata, A. pediculus, Cocconeis scutellum, Fragilaria capucina var. vaucheriae, Navicula tripunctata, Neosynedra provincialis, Nitzschia closterium, Planothidium delicatulum, Striatella unipunctata, Thalassiosira weissflogii etc. Some of them are illustrated with micrographs in plates.
2010-058 COST- EFFECTIVE REMEDIATION OF HIGH FLUORIDE RICH GROUNDWATER : A CASE STUDY FROM INDIA S.K.Sharma Carman Residential and Day School, Shyampur, Dehradun, India
Abstract: India suffers greatly from the presence of large amounts of fluoride in its water supply especially in nine States covering almost the entire country. In order to assess the water quality and the related health problems due to high fluoride content, water samples from nine States across India have been collected and analyzed. Analyses from surface, subsurface and thermal water samples had fluoride concentration that range from < 0.2 to 13 ppm. The probable source of high fluoride relates to the water-rock interaction within the sedimentary basins. During rock weathering and subsequent circulation of pore water through the soil and rock matrix, fluorine is leached out, mainly from the mineral fluorite (CaF2) and calcium difluoride, and dissolved in the ground water. Human health affects of high fluoride content in water are manifested in the form of 'endemic fluorosis' which has no known treatment other than early detection and limiting the amount of fluoride ingested. High fluorine consumption leads to the fluorosis of the bones which is generally found in Asian region but it is more acute in India. Hence, possibilities of reducing the high fluorine content of groundwater by defluorination process / dilution with the surface water is one very simple technique but addition of Ca++ ions to solution in contact with fluorite when experimented in distilled water caused appreciable decrease in fluoride concentration which appears to be more suitable solution to high fluoride problem in an otherwise water scarce India. In areas of high concentration. easily available local raw materials, such as clay, serpentine and marble can he used to reduce the fluoride content if geological and geochemical investigations be carried out prior to the implementation of water supply schemes.
Key words : groundwater, fluoride, endemic fluorosis, defluorination, raw material
2010-059 TECHIRGHIOL LAKE - EUROPE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE Gina Raluca Kerkmann Museum Complex of Natural Sciences of Constanta, Romania
Abstract: Paralittoral Techirghiol lake (Dobrogea Region, Romania) constitutes an ecosystem with a special structure and an interesting geological past. Located at 15 km south-east of Constanta city, with a surface of 1270 ha and a maximum length of 11 m, Techirghiol lake has developed in a lacunal system after the communication suspension with the Black Sea 2-300 years ago (TUCULESCU, 1965). Techirghiol lake has a hiperhaline system, the salinity real value varies today between 57-61 g/l. The lake is not only a tourist attraction but also a balneary centre, the presence of sapropel mud of whom composition contribute the Artemia salina filopod and the Cladophora eurihaline algae extracted from 3 places located at a distance of 4-6 m length from the central lake area, represents the remedy of rheumatism of who wishes to enjoy a holiday in these historical places. The first documentary certification of the Techirghiol locality and lake was in year 1560, under the Ottoman Empire (LAPUSAN Aurelia & LAPUSAN S., 1999). The Techirghiol lake constitutes an interest ecosystem for biologists through its special qualitative composition, characterized by the endemic species presence. The strong antropical impact of last decades brought changes in abiotic factors values, especially the salinity, consequence being the changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of Techirghiol lake fauna. Nowdays solutions are necessary for the purpose of port water ecological equilibrium restoration.
2010-060 THE FLOOD SITUATION OF ASSAM - A CASE STUDY Mukul Chandra Bora Dibrugarh Polytechnic, Lohowal, India
Abstract: The problem caused by water may broadly be catagorised into two major groups' viz. shortage of water and surplus of water. Shortage of water causes drought and surplus water causes flood. The water is the vital ingredients for the survival of human being but sometimes it may cause woe to the human not due to insufficient water but due to abundant water which in turn causes the natural disaster called as flood. Assam is situated at the easternmost part of India. Geographically it is at the foothills of the Himalaya. Every year Assam experiences a huge amount of losses due to devastating flood caused by the river Brahmaputra. The losses are more in few places like (Majuli, biggest river Island), Dhemaji, North Lakhimpur, Dhakuakhana and few places of Barak valley in Assam. The problem of flood is very old in Assam and the solution is very much difficult due to complex and devastating nature of the River Brahmaputra. Both short term and long term measures are sometimes failed to mitigate the losses caused by flood. This paper presents the case study on the losses in terms of livestock, human lives and that in terms of property that have taken place in some district of Assam.
Key words: Disaster, Water, Loss of property, Huam lives
2010-061 COWS TO KILOWATTS: ABATTOIR WASTE TURNED INTO CLEAN ENERGY Joseph Adelegan Global Network for Environment and Economic Development Research, Nigeria
Abstract: Cows to Kilowatts" abates water pollution, improves ecosystem health, mitigates greenhouse gas emission and creates cheap source of domestic energy with environmentally safe organic fertiliser from slaughterhouse waste through the installation of sustainable biogas plant. The innovation is a winner of the prestigious 2005 Supporting Entrepreneurs for Environment and Development (SEED) International Awards (www.seedinit.org). SEED is supported by IUCN-The World Conservation Union, UNDP, UNEP, GPPi Germany, VRom, Global Compact, Swiss-Re, the Government of United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, South Africa and the United States of America. The initiative also featured as 2008 Principal Voices www.cnn.com/principalvoices by CNN in association with Shell, Times and Fortune Magazine. The innovation also receives the 2009 Technology Pioneers Award of the World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. The Problem and Alternative: Cows to Kilowatts Slaughterhouses are a major source of water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, especially in the developing world. Specific regulations for abattoirs do often not exist or are poorly enforced. This represents an immediate environmental problem, affecting among others the development of aquatic life. Slaughterhouse waste also often carries zoonotic diseases animal diseases that can be transferred to humans. Communities depending on polluted water for consumption and agriculture therefore face significant health risks. Moreover, the anaerobic degradation of wastewater generates methane and carbon-dioxide and thus accelerates climate change. Two African citizen sector organizations, Green Globe Trust and the Global Network for Environment and Economic Development Research drew attention to this issue. The way out of the dilemma was to find a way of capturing the gas emissions and turning them to productive usages. Relevant technology for achieving this was created in association with a Thai research institution. The anaerobic fixed film bioreactor treats agro-industrial waste and produce biogas as well as organic fertiliser. Business Model and Benefits The initiative gained international recognition. Hence, UNDP provides an initial support of US $500,000. The project was designed to be commercially viable. Producing around 270 mł of compressed biogas a month, the plant generates return on investment after 2 years. With an estimated lifespan of 15 years, the plant creates substantial economic returns. The biogas plant generates several positive environmental, economic and social impacts. The plant was designed to capture 900 mł of methane per day and emission reduction of 22,300 tons of CO2 per year. The captured methane is upgraded and compressed for as household cooking gas which serves 5,400 poor households monthly. The predominantly poor families benefit from the gas because it constitutes a cleaner alternative to other commonly used fuels. At significantly lower cost than currently available sources of natural gas, it reduces indoor air pollution and associated health hazards in poor communities. Roll-out and replication Many other cities across Africa are facing similar environmental challenge from untreated slaughterhouse waste. Through the use of innovative technology, it presents a solution to the problem of waste treatment which at the same time minimises the carbon footprint of slaughterhouse operations and other organic wastes. Moreover, it is an economically self-sustainable and profitable initiative, generating a classical win-win situation.
Key words: Abattoir, wastewater, pollution control, biogas, renewable energy
2010-062 WETLAND SYSTEM: A CHEAPER AND EFFICIENT TREATMENT OPTION FOR THE FOOD PROCESSING WASTE IN AFRICA Joseph Adelegan Global Network for Environment and Economic Development Research, Nigeria
Abstract: The study investigates an alternative wastewater treatment system for the food and beverage industry in Africa. A subsurface flow wetland system was designed and compared with a UASB bioreactor installed for a brewery in Nigeria. The cost of the installed 3000m3 bioreactor for the brewery industry is USD 5.00 million however the cost of the constructed subsurface flow wetland system with a capacity of 5,200m3 is USD 1.65 million. Hence, the cost of the designed wetland system is 33% of the cost of installed bioreactor. The cost of operation and maintenance of the designed wetland system is much lower than that of the installed bioreactor. The comparative treatment efficiency of the designed wetland system and the installed bioreactor shows that the waste characteristics for the designed subsurface flow constructed wetland after treatment falls within the USEPA threshold for food processing industry. However, for the installed UASB Bioreactor, most of the waste characteristics are above the stipulated threshold. In addition, the treatment efficiency of the designed subsurface flow constructed wetland for the controlling parameters, BOD, TSS and Faecal Coliform are 96.83%, 88.42% and 96.29% respectively. For the installed UASB reactor, the treatment efficiency for the same controlling parameters, BOD, TSS and Faecal Coliform are 62.94%, 15.36% and 63.81% respectively. Hence, the designed subsurface flow constructed wetland is more efficient in the removal of BOD, TSS and Faecal Coliform hence could be an excellent alternative for the food and beverage industry in Africa.
2010-063 ECO-INNOVATION AND CORPORATE PERFORMANCE: THE AFRICAN EXPERIENCE Joseph Adelegan Global Network for Environment and Economic Development Research, Nigeria
Abstract: Addressing a paucity of research about industrial adoption of environmentally benign technologies in Africa and, more generally, in tropical developing countries, we examined the Nigerian pulp and paper industry as a case study. Qualitative interviews with twenty upper echelon executives representing five Nigerian firms challenge conventional expectations that energy intensive industries in developing markets operate amid highly pollution-intensive conditions, within weak or non-existent formal environmental regulatory frameworks, and with limited institutional capacity. Our findings suggest a strong positive relationship between cleaner technology use and corporate financial performance of African industrial firms. Our study also suggests the adoption of classical 'win-win' integrated preventive environmental strategy, eco-efficiency and green productivity which improves industrial efficiency and profitability. Nigerian pulp and paper firms are shown to have moved beyond end-of-pipe technologies and cleaner technologies and adopted industrial ecology and "zero emission" principles with appropriate reuse of the remaining waste streams turning the production system into a sustainable industrial ecosystem.
Key words: Environmentally Benign Technologies, Environmental Policy, Eco-Innovation, Financial Performance, Pulp and Paper
2010-064 URBAN SEDIMENTS AND METALS DISTRIBUTION IN AREAS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL USE Leidy Luz Garcia Martinez 1, Cristiano Poleto 2 1 Hydraulic Research Institute - IPH/UFRGS, Brazil
2010-065 MANAGERIAL ANALYSIS OF A MIXED BASIN AND ITS FUTURE SCENARIO Danicler Bavaresco 1, Cristiano Poleto 1 State University of Maringa - UEM, Brazil
Abstract: In recent decades, Brazil advanced juridically with the creation of specific legislation for water resource management in the country. But, in spite of this Law being from 1997, the States of the Confederation are still confronting difficulties in implanting its plans and projects, principally in regard to territorial planning with due environmental zoning and environmental protection activities. The area under study is a hydrographic basin of 41 kmČ in Maringá county, state of Paraná, more specifically, the Morangueira River (Ribeirăo Morangueira) basin. Approximately 45 % of the area is urbanized and the rest is used for agricultural purposes (soybeans, wheat and corn). This study elaborated an environmental diagnosis based on field studies, water quality analyses and hydrological analyses of the current situation and of the future scenario, seeking to determine the potentialities and fragilities presented by the area. Throughout recent years, the basin has been undergoing constant degradation arising from the urbanization process that is advancing in an unplanned way and, in addition, the agricultural areas that make up part of the basin use agricultural chemicals in an intensive way. Future projections show great hydrological imbalance in the area with the possibility of flooding and erosion processes and which, therefore, make management efforts necessary which are capable of implanting sustainable systems, principally in the urban drainage network.
Key words: water resources management, basin, antropic actions
2010-066 MANAGEMENT PLAN OF A HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN WITH EMPHASIS ON THE CONTROL OF FECAL COLIFORMS Cassia Maria Bonifacio 1, Cristiano Poleto 1 1 State University of Maringa - UEM, Brazil
Abstract: The urbanization process in an accelerated and often disorder way has generated strong impacts on the environment, principally in reference to its water resources. This degradation is not simply limited to reduction of the quantity of water available and its uses, but also brings about loss in its quality, and in many cases this becomes irreversible. The present project undertook studies in the Maringá River (Ribeirăo Maringá) basin, in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil. This basin is characterized by having use and soil occupation in a mixed way, for its springs are located in the urban environment and the rest of its drainage area is located in rural areas. Based on these characteristics, hydrological studies and water quality monitoring was undertaken along the main river through collection of samples at 9 well-distributed points. The studies were undertaken from February to September 2009, seeking to correlate the data in reference to fecal coliforms, taking variables such as rain and discharge into consideration. Although none of the points have presented values considered acceptable, Point 9 was that which presented the greatest rates. In the attempt to improve this problem and other problems related to degradation of the basin, a management plan was elaborated for preservation of the area and to improve control of potential sources of pollution.
Key words: water resources management, basin, coliforms
2010-067CONCENTRATIONS OF ZN AND NI CONTAINED IN URBAN SEDIMENTS IN 30 CITIES IN THE SOUTH OF BRAZIL AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES Cristiano Poleto State University of Maringa - UEM, Brazil
Abstract: The growing increase in metal concentrations in urban areas has been documented in innumerable scientific studies. In a general way, urban sediments end up being their transporting agent and upon entering into bodies of water, they release these loads constituted of innumerable pollutants, principally metals like zinc and nickel. For that reason, the present study made a survey in 30 cities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, collecting and analyzing composed samples (100 mČ per sample) of urban sediments obtained in impermeable areas of the central regions. Concentrations of the metals was obtained through acid digestions (HCl-HF-HClO4-HNO3), which resulted in mean values of 299 ”g.g-1 for Zn and 48 ”g.g-1 for Ni. As in previous mobility research it was shown that local sediments have a large pre-disposition of being easily released in aquatic environments, the results suggest that the degradation of bodies of water is constant, and if management efforts developed in these basins do not consider these sources of pollutants, their water resource management model will have an important methodological fault.
Key words: urban basin, urban sediments, metals
2010-068 AN INFLUENCE OF MOLYBDENUM UPON THE CONTENT OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN THE FRUITS OF TOMATOES Denka Valerieva Kostova Agricultural University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Abstract: The influence of the fertilization as an element of the agricultural technics upon the synthesis of antioxidants and microelement molybdenum is complex and makes an impression. Vegetables are sources of a line of powerful antioxidants: lycopene, β carotene, as well as vitamins А, С, Е. It has been proved that tomatoes are a main source of many nutritious carotenoids, as well as lycopene. That's why we directed our studies to a vegetable crop tomatoes. The influence of the potassium fertilization upon the content of molybdenum in plants of tomatoes has been studied. The concentration of molybdenum in fruits increase from 10.12 mg/kg tо 30.53 mg/kg with the increase of the fertilization norm of potassium nitrate in soil. With the increase of the fertilization norm of potassium sulphate in soil the amount of the accumulated molybdenum in fruits of tomatoes decreases from 32.65 mg/kg tо 10.00 mg/kg dry matter. The molybdenum content in the fruits of tomatoes was determined by a new method with Triphenyltetrazolium chloride. To check the method that we propose, a parallel determination of molybdenum content was carried out by the atomic-absorption method (ААS). In connection with the positive action of molybdenum upon the vegetation and growth of plants we studied the subordination between the accumulated in the fruit of tomatoes molybdenum and the quantity of antioxidants: vitamin "С" , β carotene and lycopene. The experimental data show that not only the fertilization norm, but also the kind of the potassium fertilizer do have influence upon the content of molybdenum and antioxidants. The study shows that the high concentrations of molybdenum have positive influence upon the content of vitamin "С", β carotene and lycopene in the fruit of tomatoes (in fertilization with KNO3). The deficit of the nutritious element molybdenum leads to retardation of the growth and decrease of yield.
2010-069 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR THE CONTENT OF MANGANESE IN DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION IN PLANT MATERIAL Denka Valerieva Kostova Agricultural University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Abstract: In the conditions of intensive farming, the problem of trace elements in the soil-plant system attained significant importance. The level of manganese in plants is usually increased with the progress of the vegetation. Higher levels of manganese were found in plant organs in which the metabolism is more intensive. Manganese is an element which is important for the nitrogen metabolism in plants. Manganese insufficiency leads to a considerable accumulation of nitrates, disturbance in the protein synthesis in plants and illness to some plants. Also the manganese insufficiency causes a decrease in Ca and Mg content in plants of vegetable crops. The extremely important role of manganese in the growth of plants determined the goal of our study. The present study is intended to clear up the effect of a prolonged fertilization (mineral and organic) on the manganese content in radishes using a new method with Crystal Violet for determination of manganese. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 0.2 2.2 μg ml-1 manganese (VII), limit of detection is 0.032 g ml-1 Mn(VII). To show that the triphenylmethane dye Crystal Violet which we used, can be applied to the analysis of manganese in plant material. A study in a multiple-factor stationary field experiment with 16 variants NPK on background without and with annual fertilization with manure has been carried out. The manganese content in the roots of radishes, cultivar Red with white tails, was determined. It was established that fertilization has an effect upon the manganese content in the roots of radishes. In the three levels of nitrogen fertilization with N120, N240 and N360, the highest content here was 95.25 mg/kg Mn dry mass after fertilization with N240:P360:K120 = 2:3:1. As we take into account the different fertilization with N, P and K it can be seen that radish accumulate least manganese 10 mg /kg in fertilization only with P and K (N0P120K120). The content of manganese grows up above 5 times if in the fertilization can be used a nitric fertilizer N120P120K0 and N120P0K120.
2010-070 BASIC RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE SINTER IN THE BLAST FURNACE MELTING ZONE POSITION Ruica Mihai - Florentin University Polytechnic of Bucharest, Romania
Abstract: This paper presents results of laboratory experiments carried out in order to find a connection between physico - chemical characteristics of basic sinter indicators of different tailings on the reduction behavior in conditions similar to the furnace. Its significance lies in the relationships influence the development of reduction reactions in the furnace were busy on a cohesive zone of blast furnace position and impact productivity and total fuel- making equipment used for iron making. Is describe materials used, testing which have undergone tests crowded and experimental results. After the data obtained show the influence of very important basic feature of tailings on the extent of reduction index. Is presented a theoretical development process by reducing chemical kinetics on particles sinter.
Key words: Blast furnace , melting zone, iron ore and iron oxide waste
2010-071 ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF LUMEBARDHI I PEJES RIVER (DRINI I BARDHE RIVER BASIN, KOSOVO ) USING FISH ASSEMBLAGES Linda Grapci - Kotori 1, Ferdije Zhushi - Etemi 1, Hazbije Sahiti 1, Agim Gashi 1, Halil Ibrahimi 1 1 University of Prishtina, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Kosovo
Abstract: TThe implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union among others requires future routine assessment of the ecological status of rivers. Among the latter, fish communities referring to their species compositions, abundances, and age structure have to be considered as biological indicators. As the WFD requires carrying out regular quality assessment of fish population, in the frame of this study it is sampled in 3 sites along Lumebardhi I Pejes river (1 in June and 2 in September 2008). The electrofishing is used as sampling method. The sites were fished by wading using electrofishing equipment (Hans Grassl GmbH).. The qualitative and semi quantities data are obtained. A list of species composition is completed. Altogether 9 fish species and lamprey (Eudontomyzon stankokaramani) were present in catch. Within each sampling site the amount of species present varied between 1 species (in Sampling site 1), to 5 and 8 species in other two sampling sites.Sampling site 3 which is electrofished during month September had the highest fish density of the entire electrofished river. This was mainly due to high density of Phoxinus lumaireul (59 samples) and Barbatula barbatula (22 samples). The classification of the ecological status is done by using EFI index. To implement the WFD definitions for ecological status classes must be set at high, good, moderate, poor and bad. In our study we have reach the following EFI index; 0.50 in sampling station 1 which refer to good ecological status, 0.51 in sampling station 2 which refer also good ecological status and 0,42 in sampling point 3 which refer to moderate ecological status. Based on complex research we can conclude that the Lumebardhi I Pejes River is an ecosystem with relatively favorable ecological conditions for the development of ichthyofauna but because of direct negative anthropogenic impact in different forms, the development of ichthyofaunae is on the decline.
Key words: WFD, Lumebardhi i Pejes River, fish composition
2010-072 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON WHEAT CROP PRODUCTIVITY OVER THE CENTRAL RIFT VALLEY OF ETHIOPIA Tadesse Kenea 1, Girma Mamo 2 1 Arba Minch University, Ethiopia 2 Ethiopian Agriculture Research Institute, Ethiopia
Abstract: Effects of Climate Variability on Wheat Crop Productivity over the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Tadesse Tujuba1, Girma Mamo2 1Arba Minch University, Ethiopia 2Ethiopian Agriculture Research Institute The assessment of climate variability, its effect and predictability would have enormous advantage for countries like Ethiopia whose economy is highly dependent on agriculture. It was with strong background that this research was conducted to contribute to climate risk management in Ethiopian agriculture development dynamics with particular reference to wheat production in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Climate data, yield data and different oceanic indices were obtained from National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia, Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia and the website of NOAA/Climate Prediction Center respectively. Spatial and temporal rainfall variability was assessed in terms of some agriculturally important patterns like the time of onset/end date, length of growing period and dry spells. Accordingly, the time of rainfall onset date and length of growing periods are highly variable, making the decisions related to when and which cultivar to plant more critical. The correlation analyses between seasonal rainfall of Kulumsa area and global ocean indices show both Atlantic and Indian Oceans. SSTs dictate seasonal rainfall of the area in addition to ENSO. Forecasting of June-September (JJAS) season using SSTs and SOI as predictors is also possible with reasonable skill at the area. The stepwise multiple linear regression method was used to develop the forecasting model. On the other hand, the March-April-May (MAM) season rainfall of the area is highly variable, and hence SSTs alone could not have a deep explanatory power. The assessment on whether ENSO phases have effect on seasonal rainfall amount and crop yield using composite analysis shows El Nińo increases the MAM season rainfall and decreases the JJAS season rainfall and crop productivity. It is also characterized by late rainfall onset, early end date and shorter growing period. La Nińa decreases MAM season rainfall and crop productivity, and increases the JJAS season wetness. In addition, the analyses done using REF-ET software show crop water requirement is highly variable from year to year and within the growing season. May-June is the best planting time as far as crop water requirement is concerned. The stepwise multiple linear regressions used shows that wheat crop productivity could be predicted before harvest with certain skill at Kulumsa. Therefore, user tailored seasonal climate information is very critical for wheat production at the area. Above all, sub seasonal climate variability, probability of extreme events and other underlying causes of climate variability related to atmospheric conditions like jets and waves should be assessed in future works.
Key words: Seasonal, Rainfall, Wheat, ENSO
2010-073 THE ANALYSIS OF THE HYDRO-CLIMATIC RISK PHENOMENA IN THE IALOMITA-BUZAU AREA Mihaela Borcan 1, Mihaela Bujor 1, Mihai Retegan 1 1 National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania
Abstract: The analyzed river basins (the Buzau Ialomita hydrographical extent area) covering an area of 15614 kmČ, are located on the outside of the curvature of the Carpathian Mountains, in an area where the altitude varies from 6 m to 2505 m. In accordance with the altitude, the annual precipitation varies from 400 mm/year in the plain area to 1400 mm/year in the mountain area. On the other hand, due to a very high variability of weather conditions, droughts as well as excessive rainy periods may occur during the year. This area's climate is temperate - continental, but because of the variety of landforms there can be distinguished three main climate types: mountain, hill and plain. The average annual temperature is 11.8șC, with a registered highest temperature of +44.5șC (Ion Sion Weather Station, Braila County, 10th of August 1951) and a lowest temperature of - 38.5șC (recorded at Omu Summit Weather Station, in February 1929). The paper focuses on specific hydro-climatic events which are generally considered as being threatening, that is droughts and floods in the Buzau-Ialomita hydrographical area. The period of time we have analyzed is represented by the past two decades, in which we have encountered an increase both in frequency and intensity of these phenomena, droughts and extreme rainy events becoming stronger and longer. The flood frequency has increased mainly because of climatic variations but also because of the fact that many villages have emerged in areas that are naturally flooded by rivers.
Key words: hydro-climatic phenomena, hydrographical space, discharge, Angot index
2010-074 SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT/ A CASE STUDY ON GOKSU DELTA Ilknur Akiner 1, Ernur Akiner 2 1 Mersin University, Architecture Faculty, Department of Architecture, Turkey 2 Bogazici University, Department of Civil Engineering, Turkey
Abstract: Goksu Delta exists in Silike district of Mersin province in Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Delta has 260 km long Goksu River and a watershed that has a 10,069 km2 area. Hence, it is one of the most important watersheds of Turkey. In comparison with the agricultural areas, urban settlement areas are smaller in size. However, settlements are concentrated around the Goksu River. This situation affects the sustainable urban development in a bad way. In addition to these, fishery in Akgol and Paradeniz Lagoons is another reason for the pollution. Rich flora and fauna species live in Delta. Unfortunately there is a great pollution potential in Delta due to the uncontrolled agriculture and unplanned constructions. Pollution threatens survival of living species. In order to prevent the increasing pollution in the region, Goksu Delta is accepted as a special protection area. In this study, pollution parameters will be analyzed in a statistical manner by using data obtained from published reports and current pollution status will be identified. Reasons of the environmental pollution will be investigated. Resources that are responsible of the pollution will be displayed. Against the current pollution, nature and watershed protection methods will be shown within the results.
2010-075 INFLUENCE OF VERTICAL VIBRATION OF SUPPORT ON THE DYNAMIC STABILITY OF SUBSEA PIPELINE N. Mestanzade 1, L. Yilmaz 2 1 Atakoy Campus, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul,Turkey 2 Technical University of Istanbul, Civil Engineering Faculty, Hydraulic Division, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract: The underwater suspended pipeline was investigated for the dynamic instability which is applied at the problem for the oscillation of the pipe-line part by inverted pendulum.The connection point of pendulum was received as vertical moving point by harmonic law. For definition of the dynamical equation it is used the analogy of the Mathieu Equation. For solution it is used Ince-Struut Diagram. As numerical example it was used the pipeline behavior at the project between Turkey and North Cyprus at the East Mediterranean Sea.
2010-076 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN SEDIMENTS OF NORTH ALBANIA (SHKODRA LAKE, BUNA RIVER, VELIPOJA-ADRIATIK SEA) Aurel Nuro, Elda Marku Tirana University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chemistry Department, Tirana, Albania
Abstract:
Data reported here are parts of a study to determine the concentration and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of Velipoja (Adriatic Sea), Buna River to Shkodra Lake. Sediments were sampled in May 2009. PCBs and other chlorinated pollutants, particularly the highly chlorinated ones, have been known to persist in soils, water, sediments and biota for long periods of time. The deposition of particle-bound PCBs from the atmosphere and the sedimentation of them from water are largely responsible for their accumulation in sediments and soils. Ultrasonic extraction was used for extracting polychlorinated biphenyls from sediment samples. Clean-up procedure for sediment samples was performing using metallic mercury following an open florisil column. Analysis of PCBs was based on the determination of the seven PCB markers (IUPAC Nr. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) measured by gas chromatography electron capture detection. Results of surveillance on polychlorinated biphenyls markers was in levels comparable within sediments of these three water resources, because their same origin.
Key words: Adriatic Sea, Shkodra Lake, PCBs, Buna River, Gas Chromatography
2010-077 THE WATER QUALITY OF SHKUMBNI RIVER ALBANIA BASED ON THE DIVERSITY OF MACRO-INVERTEBRATES DURING THE PERIOD 2007-2009 Anila Paparisto 1, Bledar Pepa 1, Eltjon Halimi 1, Etleva Hamzaraj 1, Odeta Laknori 1 1 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tirana, Albania
Abstract: Based on the water framework directive and on the different studies of water systems especially river systems, macro-invertebrates represent an important key for a fast and exact water quality assessments. The results of this study are taking in consideration the data collected between 2007-2009 The water macro-invertebrates are parts of water ecosystems during different stages of their lives being in this way a great indicator of water quality. The goal of this research is the evaluation of water quality for Shkumbini River during 2009 and the comparison of those data's with the data of 2007. During our study we identify 1134 individuals. Based on our results of EPT (Station 1 EPT 11 (very good), Station 2 EPT 8 (good); Station 3 EPT 4 (Fair) ; Station 4 EPT 4 (Fair)) we conclude that the quality of Shkumbini River water is still very good on the upper part and good on the central and lower part
Key words: Shkumbini River, Water quality, macro invertebrates, biotic index, bio-indicator
2010-078 DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYDROLOGICAL MODEL FOR THE UPPER VIT WATERSHED BY HEC-HMS WITH REGARD TO IDENTIFICATION OF MISSING HIGH WAVES Plamen Ninov 1, Tzviatka Karagiozova 1 1 NIMH-BAS, Sifia, Bulgaria
Abstract: Hydrological modeling system HEC-HMS is created to simulate the precipitation - runoff processes in dendritic watershed systems, rendering an account of existing processes of evapotranspiration, snowmelt, infiltration losses, baseflow contribution and transformation of excess precipitation into surface runoff, separated in different modules. The hydrographs simulated by the modeling system enable to asses the water resources in the studied watersheds and sub-watersheds, to asses the high waves characteristics, including quantitative as well the meteorological characteristics raising the extreme hydrological events. The usage of the hydrological modeling platform HEC-HMS is preceded by the analysis of the digital terrain information by mean of GIS programs and tools determining and transforming the drainage paths and watersheds and sub-watersheds boundaries in a hydrological structure that is a basin response to the meteorological conditions setting up the river runoff. Through a calibrated and validated working model for the studied region of Upper Vit watershed and on the base of a long term historical meteorological and hydrological information at the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology BAS has been identified the probable periods of "missed" high waves not comprised by the monitoring observations. In the material the different selected transform and routing methods, the base flow determination and infiltration losses approaches are discussed. The developed working hydrological model for the Upper Vit watershed can be used for further hydrological comparisons between the measured hydrological data and simulated ones on the base of the available meteorological information and for the restoration of missing data.
Key words: hydrology, modeling, high waves
2010-079 PHENOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TRITICALE (X TRITICOSECALE WITTMACK) VARIETIES DEPENDING ON THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN PLOVDIV REGION Hristofor Kirchev 1, Aleksandar Matev 1, Vania Delibaltova 1, Atanas Sevov 1 1 Agricultural University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Abstract: Field experiment were carried out in the experimental field of the Agricultural University â" Plovdiv during the period 2002-2005 to determine the phenological development on triticale varieties depending on climatic conditions. In this experiment five triticale varieties took place, which have been made in different selection research stations. Mexican AD7291 was selected as standard, Rakita and Zaryad from DAI - Gen. Toshevo, Sadovetz and Rojen from IPGR - Sadovo were also included in the experiment. The beginning of the major phenological stages was identified according to Zadoks scale (1974): Sowing, Sprung, 3th leaf, Tillering, Stem elongation, Spike emergence, Maturity.
2010-080 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Esra Banu Sipahi Selcuk Unv. Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Turkey
Abstract: Stockholm Conference was the first official comprehensive assembly that environmental problems came up the states' agenda. Although 30 years passed since Stockholm Conference, lots of academic research have done, international agreements, sanctions and thesis on sustainable development and gren Technologies, the environmental problems like environmental degredation, poverty, famine and global warming increasing and going on and environmental problems are the main agenda item all over the World. On the other hand the gulf between the rich and the poor or the developed countries and less developed countries is growing rapidly and environmental problems keep going the first agenda item. Governance approach is a multi body level governing process produced as a solution to crisis of structural adjustment policies all over the world. Governance approach is a participatory governing process also includes governments, states, intergovernmental organizations, civil commotions, voluntary organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational companies, academics and media. Governance has taken as an alternative model while solving the environmental problems and policy making. In this context, the components of governance concept and its actors dealt with the study. And also the study aims to evaluate evironmental governance's role in solving the environmental problems, the relations between environmental governance and sustainable development and the roles and effects of nation states, international organizations and multinational companys on these relations.
Key words: Globalization, global environmental problems, governance, participation, Sustainable development
2010-081 RULE CURVES FOR SLUICE GATE OPERATION AND WATER LEVEL MANAGEMENT IN LAKE MICRO PRESPA George Parisopoulos 1, George Sapountzakis 1, Pantazis Georgiou 2, Maria Giamouri 1, Myrsini Malakou 3 1 Institute of agricultural Machinery and Constructions (IAMC) / National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Greece 2 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3 Society for the Protection of Prespa (SPP), Greece
Abstract: Micro Prespa is an international, natural lake shared by Greece and Albania, with great ecological value. It forms the upper part of a larger hydro-system, also including lakes Macro Prespa and Orchid. The annual max and min of lake level, the pattern of the temporal variation and the rate of rising or dropping, decisively influence important ecosystem's processes and characteristics. Current water level management plan - to sustain lake's good ecological status and local economy - requires the maintenance of a stable level at high elevation (+850,60m to +851,00m a.s.l.) during the vernal period followed by gradual lowering not exceeding a specific rate. Water level control according to the management plan is achieved by four sluice gates at Koula, regulating the outflow discharge to Macro Prespa. The discharge is calculated according to the lake's elevation and the gates dimensions and openings. Two different discharge flow patterns may occur according to opening of the gates namely free overflow for fully open gates and orifice flow for partially open gates. For each flow condition the discharge and the associated lake level drop are derived with the use of a set of curves, developed for the specific level control structure. The developed rule curves allow a quick and reliable estimation of the impact, on the lake level, of various scenarios for gates operation. They were then used, in a simulation of water level control via gates operation, for two hydrological years 2004-2006. The decisions on opening or closure of gates during the simulation run were taken with the aid of the rule curves by non specialists. The results obtained were successful and currently these curves are used in real time operation.
Key words: Lake level management, Lake level control, gates operation, rule curves, Micro Prespa
2010-082 EVALUATION OF KONYA URBAN MACROFORM AS PART OF WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN Fadim Yavuz Ozdemir 1, Ayla Bozdag 2
1 Selcuk University, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Campus of Alaaddin Keykubad, Konya, Turkey 2 Selcuk University, Department of Geological Engineering, Campus of Alaaddin Keykubad, Konya, Turkey
Abstract: Land use decisions are also water consumption decisions. Planning activity at each level (region / watershed / urban) directs spatial development with land choice decisions equally determines urban water demand with density (population and/ or building) decisions. Consequently all types of unplanned urban development affects city folk's living quality by creating unhealthy environments also threat water resources for the purposes of rising water consumption pressure and pollution. Water related problems not only result from limited and unequal distribution of fresh waters, but also result from pollution with increasing demands and conflicting needs. Urbanization and population growth present a challenge to urban water resources planning. Urban water supplies are under increasing pressure to meet the demands of growing populations in the face of extended drought and a changing climate. To ensure water supply into the future, cities must become 'water sensitive' by minimizing waste, recycling and looking after the environment. The basis for creating water sensitive cities is integrated water cycle management and water sensitive urban design. Konya Closed Basin (KCB) is extremely important for Turkey and the world in terms of wetlands, large salty steps and plant & animal diversity. Despite having limited water resources KCB is one of the Turkey basins intensive water usage exists in. Accordingly KCB has a serious water shortage. This problem is also a result of wrong land use decisions and policies. In this study Konya metropolitan city KCB population is concentrated in is assessed. Using hydrogeological data, the amount of water use and upper-scale planning works statistical and spatial analyses will be employed to examine the Konya Urban Macroform development's suitability as a part of Water Sensitive Urban Design Principles. Experienced problems along with increasing water use in the city will be discussed in the framework of development plan- water consumption relationship and recommendations will be developed.
Key words: Konya Closed Basin, Water Sensitive Urban Design, Konya Urban Macroform
2010-083 DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM WITH METHYLENE BLUE IN PLANT MATERIAL Mary Atanasova Kamburova 1, Denka Valerieva Kostova 1 1 Agricultural University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Abstract:
Chromium have a positive effect upon the vegetative and reproduction behaviour of farm crops. It is been established that chromium takes part in a number of oxidation-reduction processes, accelerates some biochemical processes in plants and increases yield. The aims of the present research are to study the influence of the level of a mineral fertilization in soil upon the content of chromium in headed cabbage using Methylene Blue(MB) for determination of chromium. Chromium(VI) forms an ion-association complex with the cation of Methylene Blue. The fertilization brought about considerable changes of the chromium content in the cabbage. Determined by the method with MB, the lowest content of this element 1.2 mg/kg Cr dry mass was in the plants fertilized with N : P : K = 2: 3: 1. Chromium content increased with the increase of the fertilization norm of phosphorus. This was evident in the two levels of nitrogen fertilization, especially with N120 and N360. When NPK was individually applied, the highest yield 3703.3 kg/dka was obtained in the variant where it was fertilized with N120P360K120.
2010-084 REVIEW OF PRESENT RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING PROCESSES, LEADING, POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS Vaibhav Gosavi IIT Roorkee, Dept. of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
Abstract: Rapid development in computers and information technologies leads researchers to model a very complex process of rainfall-runoff very accurately. This leads to new horizon in water observation and information systems for the betterment of mankind. Aim of this paper was to critically review present rainfall-runoff models, software developed to simulate this process and then presenting the scope and suggestion for making a well comprehensive, easy-to-use decision support system (DSS) for water resources development and management. Rainfall-runoff modeling is an important aspect of hydrologic analysis and design. It is believed that about 325 years ago, the rainfall-runoff study begun with quantitative measurement. Since then historical developmental works in the field of rainfall-runoff modeling took place which is still continuing. Author here review different methods for computing runoff from rainfall, their approaches, data requirement, limitations and advantages over one other, some of them are rational method, black box and stochastic models, conceptual model, physically-based distributed models. Approaches such as popular SCS-CN method, AGNPS, CREAMS also reviewed. Then software like HEC-HMS, SWAT, MIKE-SHE also reviewed. Recent development such as Remote Sensing and GIS has witnessed a phase transition from resources mapping to decision-making. This paper present the scenario of whole rainfall-runoff process and use of advance techniques which helps in simplifying the process and by-then giving scope and suggestion to develop a decision support system for a particular region. At the end author gave a complete overall process of development of decision support system (DSS) from the available resources and models with subparts of the system, connecting link between various process, limitation of various models, suggestion for future development of decision support system (DSS) to assist government agencies and river-basin commissions etc., in decision-making for the efficient management of water resources in terms of both quantity and quality. Keywords: Rainfall-runoff, Decision Support System, Remote Sensing and GIS.
Key words: Rainfall-runoff, Decision Support System, Remote Sensing and GIS.
2010-085 THE VERTICAL AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF TEMPERATURE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER OF STREZEVO RESERVOIR Belinda Sipkoska-Gastarova 1, Blagoj Vrzovski 1, Antoaneta Stojanova 2 1 JP Strezevo, Bitola, Macedonia 2 JP Lisice, Macedonia
Abstract: We studied vertical and seasonal variations of temperature and dissolved oxygen in the water of Strezevo reservoir for 9 months from May 2005 to January 2006. The aim of this study was to explain how temperature affects reservoir and dissolved oxygen contcentrations and to classify the reservoir, because they are two most important fundamental variables in reservoirs. Water samples were collected at monthly intervals, from seven sample points. Temperature was measured with thermometer and the Winkler titration method was used as standard method for measuring dissolved oxygen content. Measurments of the water temperatures showed that Strezevo reservoir is monomictic, and it stratify once per year, in summer. Measurments of dissolved oxigen concentration showed that Strezevo reservoir water can be framed in first quality class in almost all samples, and only in 11% of examined waters in second quality class, according to operative legislation.
2010-086 COLLABORATIVE AND INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (CIWM): EVALUATION OF CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS IN BEYSEHIR LAKE BASIN Fadim Yavuz Ozdemir 1, Tuzin Baycan-Levent 2 1 Selcuk University, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Campus of Alaaddin Keykubad, Konya, Turkey 2 Istanbul Technical University, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Taskisla, Taksim, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract: Collaborative and integrated watershed management (CIWM) is one of the major alternatives that emerged as part of the trend towards more holistic and participatory approaches to natural resource management. CIWM has evolved throughout the years, influenced by the different ecological, social, economic, institutional and political context in which this management approach has been implemented. Although scholarship on the factors facilitating or constraining collaboration in multi- stakeholder watershed partnerships is growing there is a need for research addressing the important issue how to sustain these collaborative initiatives. The present paper aims to investigate the critical success factors in CIWM. Which factors make the collaboration process successfull? How can stakeholders participate into the management process? In order to answer these questions the paper addresses the Beysehir Lake Basin which is the largest freshwater lake in Turkey and evaluates: i) the sociocultural, ecological and geographic constraints to CIWM; ii) the participants' approaches and beliefs; iii) the current participation level; iv) the success factors at the institutional cooperation and community participation level. The paper offers a systematic approach and analytical means to evaluate the critical success factors in CIWM with a combination of SWOT matrix and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
Key words: Collaborative and Integrated Watershed Management (CIWM), SWOT, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Beysehir Lake
2010-087 RAPD ANALYSIS OF GENETIC VARIATIONS IN BARBUS PELOPONNESIUS (PISCES, CYPRINIDAE) FROM RIVER VARDAR Lidija Velkova-Jordanoska 1, Vasil Kostov 2, Goce Kostoski 1, Stojmir Stojanovski 1 1 SI Hydrobiological Institute-Ohrid, Macedonia 2 Institut of Animal Science, Skopje
Abstract: The spring barbel Barbus peloponnesius today is considered as a species which inhabites the waters in the Balkan Peninsula.The name differs from its older name Barbus meridionalis petenyi (for spring barbel of the Danube watershed) and Barbus meridionalis rebeli (for spring barbel of the watershed of the Adriatic and Ionic Sea). In this paper the molecular RAPD method was used for investigation of the population structure of the species Barbus peloponnesius from River Vardar and its tributaries. A total of ten oligonucleotide primers was used to obtain various RAPD profiles. Certain interspecies differences among the investigated population were evidenced.
2010-088 THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON THE BIODIVERSITY OF AQUATIC INSECTS, ODONATA, FROM AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS OF KARAVASTA AND SPILLEA IN ALBANIA Halimi Eltjon 1, Paparisto Antila 1, Topi Ddritan 2, Kastriot Misja 1 1 University of Tirana; Faculty of Natural Science; Department of Biology, Albania 2 University of Tirana; Faculty of Natural Science; Department of chemistry, Albania
Abstract: Aquatic insects show a high interest due to their feature to serve like environmental bio-indictors. In that study, by analyzing the biodiversity of dragonfly Odonata (Order Odonata; Class Insecta; Type Arthopoda) through the comparison of the data on quantity and quality related to these aquatic insects, we have evaluated the actual environmental situation of aquatic ecosystems for the Karavasta lagoon, aquatic ecosystems around the Spillea Area and delta of Shkumbini River.
The period of time when the biological material was collected was 2007-2008. By this study are defined for Odonata Order was 26 species, 18 genera and 8 families of. The most represented group was Anisoptera by 13 species and a frequency of 50%. The Libellulidae is the most represented family by 10 species and a frequency of 38.46%.
The ecosystems around the Karavasta lagoon are presented by a frequency slightly higher of species compared to these of Shkumbini Delta River. The Odonata in the environment of Karavasta are more represented by 20 species and a frequency of 76.92% while the frequency were lower with 18 species and a frequency of 69.23% to Shkumbini river delta. It is an indicator of the quality considerably better of the Karavasta area. In both areas are encountered 12 common species and the "Jaccard index" of similarity coefficient" was 46.15%, which is an indication of small difference among the conditions of environmental quality for these bio-indicator species.
Key words: Odonata, domination, aquatic insect
2010-089 FILLING GAPS AND DISACCUMULATION OF PRECIPITATION DATA FOR RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL Mauricio F. Villazon 1, Patrick Willems 1 1 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - Belgium
Abstract: Precipitation data is one of the most important inputs in rainfall-runoff models. Long records often contain gaps and need to be filled. For the present paper linear regression and multiple linear regression techniques are applied for the estimation of monthly precipitation. For the multiple linear regression technique the tool called HEC4 developed by the U.S. Corps of Engineers is used. The disaccumulation from monthly to daily time scales was done assuming that each station has the same distribution of daily precipitation intensities as the recording station with the highest correlation. The study area considered for this study is part of the Pirai River basin located in Santa Cruz-Bolivia, which is a tributary of the Amazon River. The available data consisted of 33 daily rainfall stations where 8 have more than 25 years of recorded data. These data have been collected by the regional meteorological and hydrological services SENAMHI* and SEARPI**. The spatial distribution and the range of altitudes of the stations are quite high (334 m.a.s.l. to 1875 m.a.s.l.). The rain gauge density for the study area is 81.97 km2 per station. The gap filling techniques were evaluated based on 32 months extracted from the recorded data. The evaluation was done for 6 days, 3 days and 1 day of disaccumulation period. The multiple linear regression technique applied for the monthly rainfall estimation gives us an important reduction (36%) in the Standard Deviation and Root Mean Squared Error over the linear regression. It is observed that the accuracy of the disaccumulated results decrease when the period of accumulation is smaller. At the daily time scale, the multiple linear and linear regression methods have similar performance.
Key words: Pirai River, linear regression, multiple linear regression, disaccumulation, error reduction
2010-090 COORDINATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF PRESPA LAKES AT TRANSBOUNDARY.LEVEL, ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE Agim Selenica Polytechnic University of Tirana, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Albania
Abstract: The Prespa Lakes suffer from serious deterioration of their habitats, the Macro Prespa Lake has shrunk, the Micro Prespa has been silted and the use of the water is extensive. Close co-operation between the countries sharing the Lakes is a prerequisite for sustainable management of water resources in the region and to ensure the international community's support for their sustainable management. Human activity in the catchment area of the Prespa Lakes covers fishery, tourism, industry, agriculture, forestry, and urbanisation, all of which means disruptive or polluting consequences for the Prespa Lakes. From past to present the handling of water resources in the area of the Prespa Lakes was and still is mostly driven by actual day-to-day needs and technical possibilities of each of the riparian parties and countries. A water management that follows the general of European Water Framework Direktive criteria has not yet been established. To date only general objectives and goals for the management of the Prespa water resources have been defined and agreed upon by the three countries. Consequently it might be concluded that the water resources are being exploited rather than managed. Management of transboundary waters is a complex issue, which has to overcome many challenges in order to achieve its environmental objectives. The purpose of transboundary co-operation, however, is not only to preserve international water objects and the unique natural conditions of their environment, but also to secure the interests of all parties as well as the interests of local residents in the border region. To find a common approach to the governance of transboundary waters is further complicated by differing legislation, water management practices, institutional structures, languages and cultures of the bordering countries. Nevertheless, co-operation in managing the quality and quantity of transboundary water bodies also presents an opportunity from which all of the parties involved can benefit. The new European water policy, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) that came into force in 2000 and is based on a river basin approach, addresses the issue of transboundary cooperation not only across the EU member state borders, but also beyond. The Prespa Lakes form a transboundary water body shared by Albania, Greece and Macedonia. By virtue of Greece being an EU country and Macedonia and Albania not being association countries as of yet, the Prespa Lakes form the border between the EU and non-EU, i.e. Albania and Macedonia. Being the largest international water body on the Balkans, the Prespa Lakes are very important for the region. So far no agreements have been formulated between the three countries regarding the specific requirements of water management of the Prespa Lakes, nor has a Joint Transboundary Water Commission responsible for the preparation of such an agreement been established. However, a Tripartite Agreement on the Protection and the Sustainable Development of the Prespa Park Area is being prepared, which partly addresses water management issues. In view of the legal and geographic situation, it is suggested that the future water management of the transboundary Prespa basin be set up in the spirit of, and according to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union. In addition, water management should follow the "Dublin Principles" and other conventions relevant for the area. It is suggested that the national Governments of Albania, Greece and Macedonia establish a "Transboundary Prespa Water Commission" (TPWC). This body should represent the interests of the three countries as well as those of the local communities and of the relevant NGOs of the Prespa Catchment. At the beginning, the TPWC should be responsible for the formulation of a basic agreement on water management of the Prespa Lakes. After acceptance of the agreement, TPWC could become the tripartite body that would be responsible for coordination, control and supervision of the implementation and execution of the water management plan. To fully comply with these requirements, the TPWC should be set up as a body with strong water resources competence to cooperate with and to direct the national territorial authorities with respect to water-related issues. The elaboration of a water management plan requires the definition of respective objectives and practical principles that can also be understood as work steps or guidelines. To assist and accelerate the necessary debate, 19 practical principles for a Transboundary Prespa Water Management Plan are proposed.
Key words: water resources management,european water directive,transboundary co-operation, Dublin Principles
2010-091 INFLUENCE OF UV RADIATION ON SRG EXTRA FLUORESCENCE IN WATER SAMPLES Liljana Kola 1, Pranvera Lazo 2 1 Center of Applied Nuclear Physics, University of Tirana, FNS, Tirana, Albania 2 Departement of Chemistry, University of Tirana, FNS, Tirana, Albania
Abstract: The fluorescence ability of Sulphorhodamine G (SRG) Extra enables its using as artificial tracer in the water system studies. The problem is dealt with in relation to applying SRG Extra to trace and determine water movements within the karstic system and underground waters. The fluorescence intensity of fluorescent dyes in water samples depends on their physical and chemical properties, such as pH, temperature, presence of oxidants, etc. Besides that, UV radiation may induce photochemical decomposition of the dyes which can cause large measurement errors. This paper presents the obtained results in our lab studying the influence of UV radiation on SRG Extra fluorescence intensity in water samples in different conditions so-called: 'in the light' and 'in the shadow'. We have studied this influence putting water samples containing SRG Extra in colorless glass bottle and brown glass bottle in each situation mentioned above. The concentration and synchronous scan methods were used for the measurement of SRG Extra fluorescence by the means of a Perkin Elmer LS 55 Luminescence Spectrometer. The photodecomposition results help us to determine if the dye can be used or not in a water system study with tracing experiment. According to these results we can decide the conditions of the transport and storing of the water samples, too.
2010-092 WIND SPEED PREDICTION BY DIFFRENT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES Munir Ahmad 1, M C Deo 1 Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
Abstract: The wind speed forecasting has always been of great interest because number of applications of wind in many diverse fields. Wind speed data for goa station has been taken from 2nd month of 1998 to 2nd month of 2002. The wind speed data is available in three hour interval. Wherever the data is missing or is of exceptional value; there the data has been modified by linear interpolation method. The wind speed forecasting is done by three most popular methods .The wind speed forecasting is done for a future time of 3 hours, 6 hours and 12 hours. Fist; the polynomial curve fitting method is applied to get two, three and four degrees model equations. The equations are developed for 70% of data available and tested for rest 30% data. Secondly; autoregressive moving averages commonly know as ARMA models are applied on data. Two ARMA models for each time head are developed from 70% of data and tested for rest 30%.The third method which is applied is the neural networks which has got a lot of fame these days and is extensively used in many forms of modelling and other applications. Different network architectures with different parameters have been tried and two best fitting architectures are used for forecasting the wind speed.70% data is used to train the networks and 30%is used for testing. The forecasting accuracy is compared for all the three models by taking the correlation coefficient and mean square error which are commonly used error measurement. Improvements over the wind speed forecasting are required for better usage with respect to time and location of wind. Bayesian methodology can be used on AR or ARMA models to provide a very accurate forecast. Application of Kalman filtering as a post processing method in numerical forecasting of wind speed is shown to provide very accurate forecasts. Conformal methodology is a new forecasting methodology. It can be applied to forecast wind speed and also estimate the confidence level of forecast.
2010-093 BIODIVERSITY IN METAL RICH SOIL Aida Bani 1,3, Fadil Thomai 2, Eugen Skura 1, Guillaume Echevarria 3, Sulejman Sulce 1, Jean Louis Morel 3 1 Agro-Environmental Department, Agricultural University of Tirana, Kamez, Albania 2 Department of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Tirana, Kamez, Albania 3 Laboratoire Sols et Environnment, Nancy-University, INRA
Abstract: Metal-rich soils and mainly ultramafic soils (i.e. serpentine soils) are widespread over the Balkans and cover 10% of the area of Albania. These soils contain high concentrations of heavy metals, low concentrations of N, P, K and the Mg/Ca ratio is high (Proctor, 1999). Plants growing on serpentine soils often accumulate metallic elements, resulting in elevated tissue metal concentrations, relative to plants on normal soils. These species, termed hyperaccumulators (Brooks, 1987). We evaluated the plant biodiversity in mineralized soils across the country in order to select tolerant and hyperaccumulating species. We also investigated the locations of accumulated metals by Alyssum murale. Collection of both plant (analysis of element contents in aerial parts) and soil (analysis of total elements and DTPA-extractable Ni) samples allowed for the evaluation of the phenotypic and possibly genetic efficacy in hyperaccumulating Ni. The soils had an extreme chemical nature, with abnormally high concentrations of Ni (3200 mg kg-1), Cr (1600 mg kg-1) and Co (200 mg kg-1). The highest Ni content were found in A. murale in Pojska (Pogradec) (1.33 %), A. markgrafii in Gjegjan (1.23 %) where DTPA extractable Ni was respectively 117 and 65.6 mg kg-1 and Bornmuellera baldacii in Gramsh (1.22 %). The results showed that Ni accumulation occurred in the base of trichomes (leaves), phloem (shoot), embryo and endosperm (fruit), petals (flower) in A. murale. We have identified a new member of the Albanian Ni-hyperaccumulator flora: Thlaspi ochroleucum in Pojska (0.13 % Ni) and in Pishkash (0.14 % Ni) for which DTPA extractable Ni was high 285 -94.5 mg kg-1. Such results obtained by this approach suggest the use of A. markgrafi and A. murale (the most efficient Ni-hyperaccumulator among the four species) for bioremediation and habitat restoration.
Key words: Heavy metals, serpentine soil, Ni bioavailability, bioaccumulation, nickel
2010-094 URBAN AIR QUALITY IN KORCA CITY AND ITS EFFECT IN POPULATION HEALTH Irena Kallco 1, Ilir Nicko 1 1 University, Albania
Abstract: University Korçë Vasilika Petri, Jani Bukuroshi, Directorate of Public Health, Korçë Among the group of factors affecting population health is the quality of air too, to which we have dedicated a seven year study. This study is conducted to evidence the urban air quality in all variety of cases of the patients having problems with the respiratory and cardiovascular apparatus. The sources of pollution are studied in two main directions and they are exactly the movable source of pollution and the immovable source of pollution. Two methods for taking the samples were used; the active and the passive one. Based on the many-year sample analyses, as well as their treatment it results that: Correlation between the air quality and the mortality in the adults caused by the diseases resulting from problematic environment shows that we have to do with an indicator of environmental health which indicates the effect of long-term air pollution in our city caused by PM in high dose 78”g/mł on one side and the rate of illnesses which is 1, 2 times higher than in the countryside on the other. The study is accompanied by evidence on the urban air quality about the six air polluters (LNP, PM, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb) which nowadays are really very essential in diagnosing of urban air quality evaluation and protection of environment.
Key words: Health, air pollution, air quality, environment protection
2010-095 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DEGRADATION OF HERBICIDE DIURON RESIDUES IN WATER BY VARIOUS FENTON'S REACTION-BASED ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES Jean-Jacques Aaron 1, Mehmet Oturan 1, Nihal Oturan 1, Mohamed Edelahi 1, Kacem El Karem 2, Fetah Podvorica 3 1 Laboratoire LGE, Univ.Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallee, France 2 Univ Mohammed V, Morocco 3 University of Prishtina, Kosovo
Abstract:
The efficiency of chemical, photochemical and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), based on catalytic generation of hydroxyl radicals through Fenton's reagent, for removing the phenylurea herbicide diuron from water was compared. In order to enhance the Fenton's reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) oxidation power, and to accelerate the degradation kinetics, the system was coupled either with UV irradiation (photo-Fenton) or electrochemistry (electro-Fenton). For the photochemical processes, the quantum yields were found to be significantly higher for the photo-Fenton process than for H2O2 photolysis and direct photolysis. The apparent rate constant values and mineralization degrees for the different photochemical processes also demonstrated the superiority of the photo-Fenton process. The electro-Fenton process exhibited very fast degradation kinetics, achieving complete removal of diuron in less than 10 min. The apparent current efficiency reached a maximum value of 28% for an electrolysis time of 0.6 h, and decreased to 11% for a 3-h electrolysis time, corresponding to 90% of mineralization. Several oxidation by-products were identified by HPLC and LC-MS analyses, indicating the existence of two attack sites by hydroxyl radicals, the first one being located on the aromatic ring, and the second one on the dimethylurea group. Based on the identification of aromatic intermediates, formed carboxylic acids and released chloride ions, a plausible degradation pathway was proposed.
2010-096 WATER DATA MANAGEMENT / DISSEMINATION FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN NEW SOUTH WALES Kandasamy Kuhan 1, John Hayes 1 1 NSW Office of Water, DECCW, Parramatta, Australia
Abstract: In the most populous state on the driest inhabited continent knowledge of the available water resources is critical. Water data collection started in NSW in the early 1800's with the establishment of stream gauging stations along major rivers in NSW, mirroring the development of population centres and early records from artesian bores. To undertake its current water management obligations the Office operates four major data collection programs; surface water, groundwater, water quality and biological and water usage. The value of this water data increases with its use and the NSW Office of Water, has been pre-eminent in both the collection, management and the dissemination of water data in Australia. In December 2009, the Office will be releasing the 20th anniversary edition Pinneena Continuous Monitoring DVD which contains a complete copy of its hydrometric archive for some 1200+ sites along with software tools to display, extract and analyses the data. It provides construction and lithographic details of its over 100,000 registered bores plus water level information form the over 5,000 monitoring bores on its Pinneena Groundwater CD. It also provides access to "real" time data from over 700 sites from its WaterInfo web site which has been in operation for over 10 years, and its newly released Real Time data web site. The paper will examine the methods the Department uses to determine what data is collected and from where and examine some of the latest technologies the Department is using to make this information available to the widest possible audience.
2010-097 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: A STEP TOWARDS THE SUSTAINABLE RIVER RESTORATION AND DAM MANAGEMENT PROCESS: AN EVIDENCE FROM BALOCHISTAN PAKISTAN Hameed Abdul National Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK), Lahore, Pakistan
Abstract: Water demand is increasing in the countries such as Pakistan due to over-population and changes in socio-cultural norms, agricultural practices, lack of awareness about the latest irrigation techniques and a growing trend among the farmers towards the cultivation of high delta cash crops. At the same time, available water resources are insufficient to meet water requirements. In view of the seriousness prevailing in the country regarding the water scarcity, the government of Pakistan is taking the initiative of river restoration and rehabilitating and constructing dams throughout the country. The misfortune is that the public participation is not ensured in these mega projects irrespective of the fact that there could be serious public concerns in this regard. Consequently, local populations start creating hinderness in the on-going project activities, which ultimately have adverse affect on the sustainability of the project. To facilitate the dialogue process and to remove the misconceptions, National Engineering Services Pakistan launched a social mobilization study of the Mirani dam project, situated at Dasht River, located in Makran division of Balochistan Pakistan. The study was carried out between the periods of September 2004 to December 2007. The primarily analysis of the study shows that local population, have serious concerns regarding the project due to emerging of issues like inundation of upper riparian, resettlement and disturbance of water right of lower riparian etc, which were correlated mostly with the basis of poor public participation. The people often went on strike and stopped the construction work of the project, which caused delay for the completion of work within the specified time frame. Later, by ensuring public participation, i.e., they were provided proper forum to discuss their issues and concerns with the relevant organization, their concerns were removed gradually and they started cooperating with the project activities. Therefore, the need is to launch the awareness campaign on regular basis, so as to avoid the communication gaps, which ultimately have dual impact, user satisfaction and sustainability of the dam project.
Key words: Awareness Campaign, Social Mobilization, Public participation, Community concerns, Communication Gap
2010-098 MODELLING TOOLS FROM SWEDEN TO PAN-EUROPEAN SCALES FOR EUROPEAN WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE DATA REQUIREMENTS Chantal Donnelly 1, Joel Dahne 1, Jorgen Rosberg 1, Johan Stromqvist 1, Berit Arheimer 1 1 Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden
Abstract: In Sweden the Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) is responsible for delivering high-resolution data to water authorities, to support their work on characterisation of water body status, establishment of environmental goals, remedial measure planning, and development of monitoring strategies to support the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). A high-resolution hydrological and nutrient model, S-HYPE, was developed for the Swedish landmass. The SMHI has also set up a similar high-resolution hydrological model for calculating discharge across the European continent (E-HYPE) and furthermore, to calculate nutrient fluxes across the Baltic Sea catchment area (Balt-HYPE). These models and S-HYPE may be used in the appropriate region for characterisation of water body status, establishment of environmental goals, remedial measure planning, and development of monitoring strategies to support the WFD. This is necessary as most waterbodies do not have monitoring programmes, and modelled data is used for expert judgements. The applications were set-up using the HYPE model, a new, daily time-stepping hydrological model (Lindström et al. 2009) using readily available regional databases for model input and evaluation. The model applications are used to assess, at high-resolution, discharge variables, nutrient loadings and source apportionment. The applications describe present climate variability, closely linked to observed data where such is available, and can also be applied using climate model data to predict future conditions. Results were compared with published values for a wide variety of locations within the model domain for evaluation purposes. Comparisons indicate that S-HYPE, E-HYPE and Balt-HYPE are useful tools for evaluating hydrological and nutrient fluxes. Examples of model performance will be given for various scales, as well as some preliminary results of climate change impact on different variables. The approach could be exported to other European countries in cooperation with local authorities.
Key words: WFD, nutrient mddelling, large-scale, high resolution
2010-099 ON THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF SEVERE CONVECTIVE STORMS AND SOME WEATHER HAZARDS OVER BULGARIA (1991-2008) - METEOROLOGICAL APPROACH Liliya Bocheva 1, Petio Simeonov 1, Ilian Gospodinov 1 1 National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, BAS, Bulgaria
Abstract: Severe convective storms (SCS) produce such dangerous weather phenomena during the warm half of the year like heavy and very intense rainfall, thunderstorms, hailfall, which are often associated with gusts of strong up to violent wind (sometimes with such dangerous events like squall and tornado). From meteorological point of view these events are defined as small-scale severe weather phenomena (SCSWP). These SCSWP are sparse in space and time and have unfavourable influence on the economics and societies especially in the small countries causing significant property and infrastructure damages as well as losses of life. According to the WMO experts about 90% of natural disasters are due to weather, climate and water. The present investigation is based on proper selection of SCS and associated with them severe and hazardous meteorological events like heavy (30-59.9 mm/24h) and torrential (totals ≥60 mm/24h in one station are considered) precipitation, wind (speed ≥20 m/s), hail and thunderstorms in six different parts of Bulgarian territory. Their monthly and seasonal distribution is obtained, as well as the risk assessment of their occurrence for short periods during each season and each region. The frequency of the days with torrential rainfall (Q≥60 mm/24h), extended thunders and hailfall, and wind have been analyzed separately. Statistically significant increase (about 30-50%) of days with torrential 24-hours precipitation is revealed during the period of investigation (1991 2008) in central and east parts of the country, while in South-West Bulgaria these dangerous events decreases with about 20-35%. The increase in frequency of stormy days in the autumn months September and October is observed almost in all parts of the country.
2010-100 REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY OF DALMATIAN PELICAN (PELECANUS CRISPUS) IN THE DIVJAKA-KARAVASTA NATIONAL PARK Anni Kallfa 1, Taulant Bino 2 1 University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Albania 2 Deputy Minister, Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Water Administration, Albania
Abstract: The Divjaka-Karavasta wetlands are coastal lagoons, included in the Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance, fulfilling no less than 6 Ramsar criteria, especially regarding total wintering water birds and individual species. The Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus population, an internationally endangered species, has been encountered in Albania since the beginning of the last century. Although the pelican is included in the national list of strictly protected species, currently it is still under threat. Its population was reduced from 200-250 breeding pairs in 1980's down to no more than 30 breeding pairs currently. Different factors have contributed to this species being at risk. The factors analyzed in detail in this presentation are: Impact of the population of fish species the pelican feeds on; impact of erosion and hydrological changes of the ecosystem and habitat degradation (transformation of coastal line and loss of breeding islands) on the pelican breeding pairs. The Divjaka-Karavasta ecosystem has undergone different management strategies aiming at different components over a 40-year period: increase of fish population, protection of Divjaka forest, A management strategy, focused on the pelican population as a flag species of this ecosystem, is proposed at the end. Data on the number of breeding pairs has been collected through frequent site visits from mid-april to mid-june, visiting the inner lagoon islands, beaches, dunes and shrubs. Data has also been received from the monitoring reports of the Government of Albania and other studies.
Key words: Dalmatian pelican, wetland, lagoon, Divjake-Karavasta, population
2010-101 CLIMATE CHANGE INFLUENCE ON RIVER RUN-OFF AND HYDRO POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE Bredo Erichsen 1, Tom Andersen 2, Bjorn Wold 2 1 Statkraft Albania, Albania 2 Statkraft, Norway
Abstract: The Norwegian energy company Statkraft has launched activities in South East Europe with the aim of defining feasible projects for developing the water power resources in the region. Until now the first project is approved by the government of Albania. Designing and operation of hydro power plants (HPP) has many challenging aspects. During the design phase optimization of the installed capacity must be in accordance with the inflow. During the operational phase the production has to be optimized from the forecasted input of water resources to the system and from the predicted electricity demand in the marked. The main commodity to a hydro power plant is always the inflow. Recent climate change studies have shown that the rainfall in South Eastern Europe (SEE) is likely to decrease in the future while the temperature will increase. In this paper we want to present the preliminary results of the work we have done to study the effects of climatic changes on the runoff in some selected rivers in SEE, and to discuss the consequences this effect will have on energy production in the region. In order to calculate the effects on runoff we have applied a hydrological model (HBV) using precipitation, temperature and climate scenarios as input, and the output from the model simulations is time series of runoff and evapotranspiration. We will also discuss briefly how a possible reduced inflow may influence on the hydro power production and the price of electricity in the region. The project is collaboration between Statkraft, hydro-meteorological institutions in SEE and research institutes in Norway.
Key words: Hydrology, climate change, hydro power
2010-102 INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT TO SOLVE THE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON DRAINAGE CONGESTION A CASE STUDY IN SAGARKHALI PROJECT (BANGLADESH) AFM Afzal Hossain 1, Goutam Chandra Mridha 1 1 Institute of Water Modelling, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract: Abstract A better drainage facilities in an irrigation project is very essential for managing the multiple functions of land and water resources in order to achieve an optimal mix of economic and social gains, sustainable natural resources management and a healthy environment due to climate change. Participatory Rural Approaches and mathematical modelling techniques are both necessary to model the interactions between stakeholders and water resources. A detailed modelling and feasibility study on Sagarkhali-Borobeela Drainage Project demonstrates on solving the severe problem of drainage congestion at Sagarkhali basin in the G-K project area which is located in the SouthWest region of Bangladesh. The construction of the Ganges irrigation canal reduced the drainage of Chapaibeel but obstructed the natural drainage of about 37,500 ha of Sagarkhali basin the lowlying area upstream of the Ganges canal causing drainage congestion problem. This study, addresses the issues leading to the resolution of the conflict through use of mathematical models based on people's participation and to increase agricultural and fish productions, thereby improving the living conditions of the people of the project area in an integrated way. Integrated mathematical model has been calibrated and validated for the study area and different technical options for improvement have been developed. The options identified and subsequently clarified through questionnaire survey of the "socio-economic and environmental studies" were tested eventually through model runs. Ten technical options for drainage improvement have been tested to find out the feasible options. Only few technically promising options have been tested for the feasibility criterion e.g. sociology, agriculture, fisheries, environment and economic analysis. People's participatory based workshop was conducted to seek consensus from them so that the conflict may be resolved in an amicable manner. Findings from the selected options along with flood maps generated which were discussed at the people's participatory workshop. People from both upper and lower riparian reaches participated in the workshop to reach upon a consensus view on the final option, which is mutually acceptable to them. Model study along with peoples participatory workshop suggested the option in mitigating drainage problem in Sagarkhali area through the construction of a syphon under main Ganges irrigation canal to drain Sagarkhali basin through Chapaibeel, Kumar river. From the findings, a syphyon along with a part of recommended option have been constructed for Sagarkhali basin area and found satisfactory performance.
2010-103 AIR QUALITY OF PARTICLES PM10 AND PM2.5 IN THE MITROVICA URBAN ATMOSPHERE - KOSOVO Syla Afrim 1, Fisnik Kabashi 1, Petrit Jonuzi 1 1 University of Prishtina, Kosovo
Abstract: The city of Mitrovica, approximately 40 km north of Prishtina, was the site of one the largest lead smelters in Europe. The present environmental situation in Mitrovica, put as in front of the responsibility to act more rationally towards nature and to be more responsible towards the protection of the environment for future generations. The protection lack of the environment during the last ten years, as well as the conflict in Kosova is the origin of huge problems regarding present environmental situation in Mitrovica (Kosova). Mitrovica has its air divided in two kinds, speaking in quality terms: Air above rural and mountainous zones, which is clean. Air above the city centre urban and nearby different plants, which is more polluted. Urban air contains dust particles and gases, added on it is as results of normal activity of the city and industries in them. Mitrovica can be cited as one of the capitals of Europe with worst air pollution. Exposure to airborne particulates PM10 and PM2.5 containing low concentrations of heavy metals, such as Pb, Cd and Zn, may have serious health effects. However, little is known about the specification and particle size of these airborne metals. Fine and PM10 particles size with heavy metals in aerosol samples from the Mitrovica urban area were examined in detail to investigate metal concentrations and speciation. The crystal structures of the particles containing Pb, Cd and Zn were determined from their electron diffraction patterns by XRF methods. Sampling of suspended particulate matter, PM10 and PM2.5 started in July April 2003 and are still in progress at three sites in the very urban area of Mitrovica: roof of the FXM building MIP, roof of the elementary school "Bedri Gjina" at about 4m height; 40m far from heavy-traffic streets; on the platforms above entrance stairs to the faculty of Mining at the height above 3m from the ground. Suspended particles were collected on Pure Teflon filters, Whatman (37 mm diameter, 2”m pore size) and Pure Quartz, Whatman (37 mm diameter) filter paper, using the low volume air sampler Mini-Vol Airmetrics Co, Inc. (5 l min-1 flow rate). The duration of each sampling period was 24 hours.
Key words: Air quality, PM10 , PM2,5
2010-104 THE ROLE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PROJECTS IN CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF RAVI BASIN IN CHAMBA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH INDIA Mohinder Kumar Government Post Graduate College Chamba, India
Abstract: Dams have had serious impacts on the lives, livelihoods, cultures and spiritual existence of indigenous, tribal and illiterate people, moreover on the physical environmental conditions and on the biodiversity of the area concerned. The dam related developmental activities in Ravi catchment area have been threatening the biodiversity in the whole catchment. There are more than 50 rivulets in the Ravi catchment and on which more than 70 power projects have been planned by the government by putting biodiversity at the stake. All these have unintentionally produce weather and climate modifications on a larger scale and threaten the existing biodiversity. Such developmental activities have been started day back in 1980s in Ravi basin with the installation of Baira Suil Power Project and today it has covered all most all Ravi basin starting from interstate broader of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh and engulfed the green cover of the area. Because of this extinction the catchments area is experiencing drastic climatic changes, because of 100 km reservoirs of Shahpur Kandi (125MW), Thein Dam (600MW), Chamera-I (540MW) and Chamera-II (300 MW) and tunnelization of Ravi in 19.38 kms with a dia of 7 to 9 meters and dry Ravi in almost all its natural route (27 kilometers in Chamera I & II). In this dry region there is a tremendous increase in the temperature and there is no timely and usual rain in the basin after the installation of power projects. The present paper is based on original micro field research conducted by the researcher, has been carried out in the in the lower Himalayan Region by using exploratory and descriptive method. To analyse the impacts on climatic conditions, the viewpoints of respondents have been supported with the data provided by metrological department and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich, UK.
Key words: Dams, Human intervention, Climate change, Hydroelectric power projects
2010-105 TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF PESTICIDES IN PARIS RAINWATER BY A BIOLUMINESCENCE METHOD Snezhana Efremova Aaron 1, Moussa Mbaye 2, Diaboue Gaye Seye 2, Jean-Jacques Aaron 3, Marc Chevreuil 4, Hélène Blanchoud 4 1 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Sv. Ciril & Metodius University, Macedonia 2 Lab.de Photochimie et danalyse, Univ. Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar,Senegal 3 Lab. LGE, Univ.Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallee, France 4 Lab.Hydrologie et Environnement, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, France
Abstract:
A detailed toxicological study on several pesticides, including chlorothalonil, cyprodynil, dichlobenil, pendimethaline, trifluraline and alpha-endosulfan, present at the trace level in Paris rainwater was described. Rainwater samples were collected during sampling campaigns in February-March 2007, and analysed for their pesticide content by HPLC-UV. Toxicity measurements were performed by using the Microtox ź bioluminescence method, based on the evaluation of the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri marine bacteria at two exposure times to the pesticide solutions. The specific toxicity, represented by the EC50 parameter, was determined for each of these pesticides. Also, the global toxicity, which corresponds to the toxicity of all micro-pollutants present in the sample, was evaluated for the extracts of atmospheric precipitation (rainwater) samples. The EC50 parameter values varied significantly between 0.17 and 0.83 mg/mL, and 0.15 and 0.66 mg/mL, respectively, for exposure times of 5 and 15 min, according to the type of pesticide. The extent of the Paris rainwater global toxicity and the respective contribution of the toxic potency of the various pesticides contained in the samples were discussed.
2010-106 NOVEL MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION IN PROCESS OF BUILDING PATTERN TREES FROM DIATOMS COMMUNITY IN LAKE PRESPA Andreja Naumoski 1, Kosta Mitreski 1 1 University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information technologies, Macedonia
Abstract: In the process of induction pattern trees the first part of the algorithm transforms the input set from crisp values into fuzzy values and then the algorithm proceeds to build pattern trees. This is achieved by using different membership functions, which have different shape and mathematical description. Later in the induction phase this will have effect on the process of building pattern trees, effecting on their accuracy and complexity of the tree. This paper further extends pattern trees membership function (by implementing modified bell membership function) used to convert crisp value into fuzzy term, one of the essential steps in the process of building pattern trees. The novel function that is put on test, have advantage of being smooth and nonzero at all points over the triangular and trapezoidal function that were used before [1]. The experiments on diatoms datasets water quality (WQ) classification dataset from Lake Prespa show that bell membership function pattern trees outperform pattern trees which use trapezoidal, triangular or gaussian, and both of them is better than the pattern tress using the three above membership functions in terms of prediction accuracy. Finally, a evaluation performance analyse of the pattern trees is revealed via diatoms dataset analysis is discussed and the research direction is outlined.
2010-107 FLOOD RISK IN SLOVAKIA Katarina Cipovova Faculty of Civil Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia
Abstract: Adoption of the Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risk proves that flood protection is one of the most important tasks for all the governments in EU. This directive requires creating effective tools, which will provide information about the flood risk and help decision-making in flood management. In accordance with that directive it is necessary to create flood hazard maps and flood risk maps showing the potential adverse consequences associated with different flood scenarios, including information on potential sources of environmental pollution as a consequence of floods. In Europe, there have already run some projects, which deal with the directive 2007/60/EC, but in Slovakia, we are just on a very beginning. Flood protection in Slovak Republic is usually being solved like a case-studies, research projects or scientific and technical projects. In present, there are few pilot projects implementing the directive and creating flood hazard and flood risk maps for several places. Present tool for flood risk management is so-called risk analysis based on principles of the probability theory, mathematical modeling and classification of the endangered area according to the type of economic activity. The aim of this paper is to describe the present situation in analyzing flood risk in Slovakia, legislation dealing with flood protection and the possible procedure of creating flood risk maps in Slovakia.
2010-108 EVALUATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER SITUATION FROM 2004 TO 2008 IN SHKUMBIN RIVER, ALBANIA Mirela Lika (Cekani) 1, Erida Neljaj 2, Valbona Gjoni 2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tirana, Albania 2 Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
Abstract:
Microorganisms are found everywhere in our environment. They are common in the air, soil, water and in the habitats of our daily lives. A number of bacteria occur naturally in river water. The water pollution on river ecosystems could cause health problems through water contamination and in a direct contact, when used for recreation aims, or in indirect way, by the negative impacts to river ecosystems and by consuming of polluted river products. The aim of this study has been the compare of the different components, chemical and biological parameters of the waters of river Shkumbin, during five years. The samplings of river water are taken from some locations and these samples are examined in laboratory for determination of two micro organisms indicators excrements pollution Faecal coliform (FC) (ISO 9803) and Faecal coliform, probably (Streptococcus faecal FS) with Filtrate Membrane Method's in specific areas (ISO 7899-2). The results and monitored results discussion are carried out by the WHO/UNEP recommendations (Interim Criteria 1985). Some significant contaminating indicators, namely, total coli form, Fecal coliform, pathogenic parasites have been identified and measured along with the related usual parameters, namely, dissolved oxygen (ppm), pH, temperature (oC), total dissolved solids (ppm), etc.
Key words: evaluation, microbiological pollution, river water, E. coli, etc.
2010-109 DETERMINATION OF THE WELLS MICROFLORA ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIC METHOD OF MPN AND FILTRATION METHOD MF Mirela Lika (Cekani) 1, Adela Kullaj 1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tirana, Albania
Abstract: The water is one of the most important products in the people life. The water is important for people in order to release their activities and especially for drinking. Safe fresh water access is the most important problem in the protection of public health. The microorganisms of natural waters are extremely diverse. Environmental problems in lakes, rivers and coastal waters are often a result of human pollution of nutrients or toxic substances. The numbers and types of bacteria present will depend on the amounts of organic matter present, the presence of toxic substances, its saline content, and environmental factors such as pH, temperature, and aeration. Open water in the center of large bodies of water, free of floating debris, will have small numbers of bacteria. Many species of atrophic types are present, however, that require only the dissolved inorganic salts and minerals that are present. The Escherichia coli, Streprococcus faecal and other coliform bacteria were analyzed according to ISO 1988 and ISO 2000. Most probable number (MPN) method was employed for quantitative analysis. Additionally, membrane filtration method (MF), (incubation temperature 37oC and 44oC for 48 hours) was used (AWWA 1992). Results obtained up to now show fluctuations of concentrations of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecal and other coliform bacteria in different sampling points.
2010-110 QUALITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION TRADE-OFF IN THE FLOODPLAIN Ahmadul Hassan Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), Bangladesh
Abstract: The world's largest delta, Bangladesh, is formed by three mighty rivers: Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. About 80% of the country is made out of rivers and their floodplains. Land and water are the essential natural resources for the livelihood in the floodplain. These interdependent resources coexist and should be considered jointly for their utilization to ensure economic development, social well being and a sustainable environment. Nutrient-rich and food rich floodplains provide nursery and feeding grounds for hatchlings, fry and juveniles. Frequent floods in Bangladesh, cause destruction of lives and properties. To improve the quality of life of floodplain dwellers, growing more food is one of the measures considered for development and hence undertaken mitigation measures like flood control structures. Upto1990s water resources management in Bangladesh was focused on flood management rather than low flow management for fish habitats. The flood control measures are targeted to protect the crops and ensure increase in production. But, the measures impacted on the regulatory, connectivity and storage functions of the floodplains. As a result, the water extent and duration are reduced and the habitat's productivity and condition to support aquatic lives have also been deteriorated. Hence it needs balanced trade off between floodplain functions and quality of life in utilizing the floodplain resources for sustainable development. In this paper a computation framework has been described to regulate the water level to reduce management conflict (environment and quality of life) in the floodplains and tested in a part of the Brahmaputra floodplain. Utilizing the opportunities and constraints of land and water use activity, fish and rice production trade off curves have been generated under different hydrological management options, where fish and rice represent environment and quality of life respectively.
2010-111 THE PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE RESERVOIR FLUIDS FOR MHEIHERRAT FORMATION AT THE CENTRAL PART OF THE GULF OF SUEZ, EGYPT Mahmoud Ghorab Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Egypt
Abstract: The present work for determned the petrophysical characteristics of the Mheiherrat Fomation which is formed generally of carbonates and other case from sandstone. These include twelve wells (HH 84-1, GG 85-1, WFA-1, WFB-1, GS 216-1, GS 206-1A, GS 207-1A, GS 197-2, GS 196-1A, TANKA-1, TANKA-3 and TANKA-4) were selected for applying the present technique of the reservoir performance for Mheiherrat Formation in the considered area. In this respect, shale volume is needed for correcting the porosity and water saturation results for the biased effects of shale. It is considered as an indicator of reservoir quality, in which the lower shale content usually reveals a better reservoir. These petrophysical parameters (Фe, Vsh, Sw, Swir, Swre, Sh, Shr and Shm) are represented horizontally in the form of iso-parametric maps to illustrate their areal distribution within the evaluated formation across the area of study. The result of this study illustrate that, the hydrocabon quality increases gradullay outward the area of study where the movable hydrocarbon shows low content where it varies from 0% to32% at GS 216-1 well.
Key words: EPRI
2010-112 MOBILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF WATER RESOURCES IN DISTRICT OF LISSAZOUNME (BENIN) Ibouraima Yabi 1, Gislain Ayena 1, Fulgence Afouda 1 1 LACEEDE/DGAT/UAC, Benin
Anstract: In the district of Lissazounme, the problems of water supply are still recurring and it is important to arrest the modes of mobilization and management of water resources by the populations. The inquiries of ground with the populations and the other actors allowed to collect the data and the information on the modes of mobilization, preservation, usage, and management of water resources in the environment of study. Individual interviews, investigations of groups, and participating observation were the techniques are used. The data processing and the information was remitted in the use of the statistical and cartographic tools. The results show that the District of Lissazounmè is characterized by the absence of rivers and plans of water and a geologic context which does not facilitate the access to the groundwater. These two constraints make naturally difficult the water supply of the populations of Lissazounmè. In front of this situation, the populations developed strategies (holes of water, traditional wells, tanks, etc.) who allow them to collect rainwaters. These waters of already doubtful origin are preserved in traditional bowls (jars, basins, tins, etc.), what exposes the populations to water affections. It is thus advisable that the local and central authorities conjugate their efforts to help the populations to reach the drinking water within the framework of the Management Integrated Water resources (GIRE).
Key words: Lissazounme (Benin), resource in water, mobilization, management, difficulties
2010-113 TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION THE CASE OF THE PRESPA LAKES
Philip Ganoulis 1, Panagiota Galiatsatou 1 1 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Abstract: The issue of transboundary water resources management becomes highly important not only because of water scarcity, but also as a result of its sharing across national boundaries. Approximately 40% of the global population lives in transboundary water basins, shared by more than one country, emphasizing the need for concerted management of transboundary water bodies and harmonization of policies. Under this view, water should be managed in an internationalized way, integrating methodologies and techniques. The Water Framework Directive 2000/60 introduces integrated water management, providing a common framework between countries for the co-operation, planning and management of water resources. Furthermore, the concept of peace parks seems to gain further recognition. Those neutral buffer zones between neighbouring states with tensed relations are the most well-known examples of the newly introduced concept of environmental peacemaking. The field of environmental security focuses almost entirely on the conflict dimensions of resource scarcity or abundance and environmental stress, while environment and its confidence-building and peace-making opportunities only recently became the point of attention in research. The Prespa Lake System consists of Micro and Macro Prespa, which are shared by Albania, Greece and Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, countries with tense international relations over a wide range of issues. The area is characterized by its natural beauty, its great biodiversity and its populations of rare water birds, including the largest breeding colony of the Dalmatian pelican in the world, but it is also remarkable for its cultural sites. The Macro and Micro Prespa lakes and their catchment basin are regulated and protected under a series of different National, Community and International legal instruments. The creation of the "Transboundary Prespa Park" by the prime ministers of three neighbouring countries in the year 2000 had a further aim beyond solely the environmental protection of the area, but also focused on the transboundary cooperation and the possible harmonization of the international relations between the three countries. This paper examines the potential of environmental cooperation as a platform for dialogue as well as an instrument of stability between the three countries. The analysis will be based on experience gained from past joint cross-border research projects between the three countries in the Prespa Lakes region. Moreover the role of local and national environmental cooperation in the area towards international stability will be thoroughly examined as well as the possibilities and limitations of the scientific approach in settling disputes.
2010-114 VALUATION OF HYGIENIC SECURITY AT THE PACKAGED WATER DURING A PERIOD OF ONE YEAR (2006) Lindita Molla 1, Donika Bocari 1, Gezim Bocari 2, Lindita Tafaj 1 1 Institute of Public Health, Albania 2 Faculty of Medicine, Albania
Abstract: One of the most used drinking water during the last few years in Albania, had been the packaged one. This study is based on the evaluation of the packaged water in some enterprises of water production in Albania during a period of three months (2006). We have investigated the drinking water circle from its natural source up to the consumer, for the estimation of microbiological pollution, and the chemical examination for 10 parameters. The evaluation of the HACCP during the water production in the enterprise was estimated also. Before bottling, the single treatment has been done, was the filtration of water through the bacteriological filters and disinfecting by UV. Four bacteriological parameters are controlled with membrane filtering methods (Total Coliforms, E. coli, Fecal streptococci, Sulfito-reducting microorganisms, probably Clostridium perfringens. The highest bacteriological contamination (E. Coli in 90 % and S. Fecal in 10 % of samples) were found in the water bottled in 6 l, the mean bacteriological contamination (E. Coli in 25 % and S. Fecal in 0 % of samples) was found in the water bottled in 0.5 l, and the low bacteriological contamination (E. Coli in 20 % and S. Fecal in 0 % of samples) was found in the water bottled in 1.5 l, This bacteriological contamination originates from the lack of HACCP (Hazard Critical Control Point System) and the pour conditions of hygiene and sanitation.
Key words: Packaged water, E. Coli, contamination, HACCP
2010-115 SPHERULITES AND THEIR ROLE TO THE ENVIRONMENT Jakup Hoxhaj 1, Fatbardha Cara 1, Hasan Kulici 2, Shehribane Abazi 3 1 Geosciences Institute of Tirana, Albania, 2 Albania Geological Survey, 3 Geology of Kosova
Abstract: Spherulites are terrestrial and extraterrestrial bodies with different forme and origine. The main genetic types of spherules are: I. Impact spherules. Spherules issued from impacts of crater producing meteorites, as dissipated melt. II. Extraterrestrial spherules. 1. Spherules born from exploded meteorites in the high atmosphere. 2. Interplanetary dust spherules. 3. Interstellar dust spherules. III. Terrestrial spherules. 1. Volcanic spherules. Very poorly investigated type, however, potential tools for regional and world-wide correlation. 2. Spherules of diagenetic origine. Possible tools for regional correlation. 3. Spherules of biogenic origine, no tools for geological correlation. 4. Spherules of industrial origine (flying ashes etc.). In this case the connection with the atmospherical pollution is obvious. The first step in the world-wide investigations is to find reliable methods to distinguish the various genetic types. It seems that the impact and extraterrestrial types would be the global tools for correlation, because the related events are globaly detected. (Great impacts, traversing meteorite and extraterrestrial dust clouds). The interstellar spherules can provide data relating to the movement and position of the Solar System our Galaxy, the Milky Way, in the geological past. The industrial spherulites (terrestrial), being directly related to the recent atmospheric pollutions, can be distinguished among their genetic types (of the collusion, extraterrestrial, terrestrial). They are of different kinds (silicate, irony, silicate-irony) and differently spreaded. Based on these parameters (kind, distribution and quantity) we can judge about the environment and its pollution rate. It is a new field of investigation in our country. The first results have been obtained in the Kopliku Square. 21 magnetic and only two glassy spherulites were resulted among 23 analised samples. The other samples have been collected around the Rubiku plant and the metalurgic plant of Laç and their analysing is in the process. The samples have been collected in the upper part of the soil, according to the fixed methodics. A part from the results, the aplication of this new method is of a special importance for the geological-environmental survey of our country. The valuable data by this method are obtained in USA, China, Japan, Hungary etc. Although applicative of this method is still in the first steps. The character of the environment is determined by micro and macro elements of spherulites. Their morphology is also evaluated as important element.
Key words: Spherulite, environment, morphology, etc.
2010-116 BIOIDENTIFICATION OF XENOBIOTICS IN FRESH WATER AS A PART OF WATER MANAGEMENT Valerii Tonkopii Institute of Limnology Rus.Acad.Sci. Russia
Abstract: We have been developing non-traditional methods of the identification of pollutants, using various hydrobionts as biological objects and the study of the mechanism of toxic action of xenobiotics. The experiments were carried out with using of Daphnia magna. Daphnia magna is a Crustacean in the order of Cladocera. This aquatic animal extensively used as a test organism in aquatic toxicology due to their small size, short life cycle and amenability to lab culture. Daphnia magna is the most sensitive test-object in relation of different pollutants among all known biological objects including experimental animals. Experiments were performed with a 2-days old culture of Daphnia magna. The toxicity of xenobiotics was determined by the value of LC50, a concentration of the compounds causing death to 50% of hydrobionts during incubation with toxicants for 24 hours. In the first stage of the work, toxicity of organophosphates (Dipterex, DFP, DDVP, Paraoxon, Malathion, Malaoxon), carbamates (Aminostigmine, Physostigmine, Sevine), heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, As, Al), organochlorines (Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Aroclor, DDT, Lindane, PCBs etc.) and pyrethroids (Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Allethrin, Resmethrin, Phenothrin, Kadethrin, Cyphenothrin) was determined. The effects of a number of antagonists on the toxicity of xenobiotics were studied. At the first time we discovered that in experiments to Daphnia magna some muscarinic cholinoreceptor blockers (atropine, glipine, pediphen etc.) reduced the toxic effect of organophosphates and carbamates. In the case of heavy metals the chelating agents (EDTA, Dithioethylcarbamate, Unithiolum, Sodium thiosulphuricum, L-Aspartic acid) were effective, for certain organochlorine poisonings - anticonvulsive drugs (diazepam, phenobarbital). In the case of pyrethroid's poisonings the antagonist of glutamate receptor (ketamine), DOPA receptors (haloperidole) and blocker of calcium channel (nimodipine) reduced the toxicity of xenobiotics. As far as these antidotes have a specific treatment action only against definite classes of pollutants, we have elaborated the sensitive express-methods of bioidentification of pollutants.
Key words: xenobiotics, bioidentification, water management
2010-117 TIVAT SEWERAGE PROJECT Stjepan Kordek 1, Bojana Gobovic 2, Jasminka Busatto 1, Dejan Kovacevic 1 1 Institut IGH, Sector IGH Design, Water Engineering Design Department, Croatia 2 Vodacom-Joint Service and Coordination Company for the Water and Waste, Montenegro
Abstract: The city of Tivat has approximately 13 630 inhabitants and is one of the three cities located in the Boka Kotorska Bay. In recent two years, Tivat has become the subject of growing interest to large foreign investors particularly due to its position in Boka Bay, and the capacity for tourism development. The number of approximately 10 000 tourists visiting Tivat each year until 2008 is expected to grow in the next several years and even become triple. The greatest problem the Municipality of Tivat faces with is exactly underdeveloped infrastructure, and this primarily refers to hydro-technical systems, for all future development plans and the expected growth in the number of tourists. In early 2006, there were only two smaller settlements in the urban area of the Municipality of Tivat covered by sewage system. The existing sewage system, apart from being over 25 years old, was operating as a general system. In the remaining parts of the municipality wastewaters were disposed of through septic tanks which overflow waters were carried off in the rainwater channels discharging into the bay. There was enormous pollution of this part of Boka Bay due to lack of wastewater collection and untreated discharge of wastewater directly into the sea. Over the past three years the Municipality of Tivat constructed approximately 17 km of primary, secondary and tertiary sewerage system whereby covered approximately 40% of the city by sewerage network and enabled approximately 6000 inhabitants to connect to it. Implementation of the phase II of Tivat Sewerage project encompassing construction of additional 19 km of sewerage network that will enable connection of additional approximately 5000 inhabitants is in progress. Having a good strategy and by careful financial planning the Municipality of Tivat, from being the city with the least sewerage infrastructure coverage on the Montenegrin coast, very rapidly reached an equal or even better position in comparison with the other coastal cities. The Institute IGH in Croatia, as a designer of the complete network, and Vodacom, the project executing agency that managed the investment from its planning stage to commissioning of works played a critical role in this process. This paper presents evolution of a city sewerage system in a very short time period from designing, investment planning, implementation, and putting the system into operation. It draws special attention to basis, approach and problems in designing of a city complete sewage system, and comparison of the designed system with the ultimately constructed one. In addition, the paper encompasses description of the methods to solve problems being anticipated still in the designing stage, in the implementation stage; the problems being impossible to anticipate during the design process; as well as of the organization of project implementation that has been successfully carried out by a small city such as Tivat over the past three years. Moreover, the implementation of Tivat Sewerage Project, Phase I is the first infrastructure project in Montenegro implemented in accordance with European standards for civil works contracts, and in this case the issue is about FIDIC Red Book contract. Thus the paper contains a review of problems resulted from the incompatibility of Montenegrin Construction Law with provisions provided for in FIDIC contracts with regard to some very significant segments.
2010-118 GENOTYPIC RESPONSE OF MAIZE HYBRIDS TO DIFFERENT NITROGEN APPLICATIONS UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF PLOVDIV REGION Vania Delibaltova 1, Xristofor Kirchev 1, Atanas Sevov 1, Aleksandar Matev 1,Nedqlka Yordanovav 1, 1 Agricultural university - Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Abstract: The field experiment was carried out on the Scientific-Experimental and Introductory Facility of the Department of Plant Growing at the AU city of Plovdiv in the 2006-2008 periods. The effect of four rates of nitrogen (120, 160, 200 and 240 kg/ha) on elements of productivity and grain yield of two maize hybrids Florenciq and PR35P12 were determined. The analysis of the results show that maximum number of row per, number of grains per row, number of grains per cob, length of cob, mass of the cob, mass of grains per cob, mass of 1000 grains and grain yield was recorded in application of 240 kg/ha when compared with other rates.
Key words: genotypic response, maize, N application, elements of productivity, yield of grain
2010-119 BUREDEN OF DRINKING WATER AS FUNCTION OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Vladimir Kendrovski 1, Dragan Gjorgjev 1 Institute for Publuc Health of the R.Macedonia
Abstract: Climate change has a complex connection with health. This includes direct influences like illnesses and conditions that may end with deadly outcome and are connected with the changes in temperature; health impacts of extreme weather events (floods, droughts and storms); and the effects of air pollution. Other ways of impacts like those on disease distribution related to drinking water, food or vector-translated and zoonoses, or health conditions resulting from lack of food and water, follow indirect ways. The most widely impacts of climate change on drinking water resources in the Republic of Macedonia concern availability of water supply as reduced in-stream flows, decreasing snow pack, earlier and more intense snowmelt and runoff, and reduced aquifer recharge which can be manifest with increased risk of drinking water pollution by arsenic in south part of the country. Drinking water and food- translated diseases could be affected by climate changes. Floods, droughts and storms bring in their wake increased health risks, such as diarrhoea among children. Possible increasing risk for surface water sources for drinking water can be result as more widespread and persistent algal blooms, changes in watershed vegetation, and increasing water temperature with associated increases in eitrophication, disinfectant demand and re-growth potential-Berovo, Bitola, Strumica, etc. Lots of influences of climate change including health effects, could be diminished or avoided with different adaptabilities. Important mechanisms for disease prevention originating from water and food are traceability, microbiological risk assessment, risk communication and risk management. The high priority adaptation measures are proposed in the following domains: Irrigation and water supply of population, floods and droughts, erosion and sedimentation, drinking water resources management; water quality and monitoring.
2010-120 A FRAMEWORK FOR INCLUDING THE IMPACTS OF A CHANGING CLIMATE ON FUTURE WATER SECURITY Mark Summerton Umgeni Water, South Africa
Abstract: Umgeni Water, the second largest bulk water utility in South Africa, is responsible for supplying bulk potable water to some 6 million people at high levels of assurance. The demand for water is increasing rapidly as the utility increases its customer base, and at the same time addresses the water requirements of the millennium development goals. To maintain this level of service, timeous decision making regarding future water resources and infrastructure requirements is of paramount importance. To facilitate this, a framework that incorporates a changing climate has been developed to provide plausible scenarios of water resources and water supply in the future. The framework is presented, and as a proof of concept, a model configuration and results from the Mgeni catchment in South Africa are discussed. Results include potential impacts on a) water resources, b) water yield and assurance of supply, c) future water requirements, and on c) proposed future capital expenditure programmes. The framework includes contemporary hydrologic, climate and water yield models, and can be adapted and installed to other locations with relative ease.
Key words: Climate Change, Water Resources Management and Planning, sustainable economic development, ACRU Agro-hydrological model, adaptation, Water Resources Yield, Risk, Assurance of Supply, Mgeni catchment in KwaZulu-Natal.
2010-121 A GENERAL OUTLOOK TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE OF NORTHERN CYPRUS Gozen Elkiran European University of Lefke, Guzelyurt, Turkey
Abstract: Northern Cyprus (NC) for being an island has suffering from variety of climate conditions all around the country. NC is divided to six meteorological regions. Observation records showing great variety for each region. The first record was done in 1975 and each station has at least five gauge stations. In winter seasons, the rainfall records reveal maximum at Southern Coast as of 457 mm/year and minimum at Central Mesaoria as of 295 mm/year. The average annual rainfall is measured as 373 mm /year in the country. The temperature, which is having great effect in the water budget of the country, in summer times have an average of 30 oC and 15 oC for winter times, averagely. The pan A observations for evaporation reveals 12mm/month which falls to 80 % of the rainfall over the regions. In this research, the climate change in NC; rainfall, temperature, moisture content and evaporation values, will be searched using statistical methods, regional and district basis whenever possible.
2010-122 APPLICATION OF GIS FOR MODELLING RUNOFF GENERATION IN URBAN CATCHMENT, JIMMA, ETHIOPIA Ashenafi Seifu Gragne Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Abstract: Built in environments are usually subject to rapid land use changes which result in changes in runoff generation. The subsequent common challenge in urban hydrology is in predicting the associated change on degree of catchment response, which is determining flood magnitude versus return period relationship and the subsequent choice of a design flood. This paper presents a study conducted in a developed urban environment of 10 ha in South-western Ethiopia. In determining response of the catchment using the SCS curve number method, analysis of the governing spatial variables was carried out on Geographical Information System platform using the Spatial Analyst Tools. Versatility of the GIS platform assisted in reducing the length of time required to carryout spatial analysis and also helped to give clear picture of spatial variation of the catchment response over Jimma City.
2010-123 CESSPOOLS: HOW IT CONTRIBUTE TO THE WATER BUDGET AS AN ALTERNATIVE RESOURCE IN NORTHERN CYPRUS Gozen Elkiran 1, Ferhat Turkman 2 1 European University of Lefke, Guzelyurt, Turkey
Abstract: The over extractions in the agricultural sector in the country caused the coastal aquifers to be salinated and some others in the interior region to be depleted since 1960s. To overcome the situation the former governments have taken some measurements like; rationing the water supply to the users, water transport form Turkey by medusa, modernization of the irrigation system in the agricultural sector and waste water reuse in garden irrigation. In this study the rainwater harvesting from the roofs will be investigated and the positive effect to the water budget will be analyzed in which the water is expected to be in drinking quality. The rain water collection is a random process in quantity since it depends on the intensity which is showing great variation even in regional basis. The capacity of the reservoir with minimum losses takes a great role in designing of such systems. The search of the minimum and maximum patterns that can be extracted from the system based on long and short periods takes a great role in designing cesspools and will be investigated and discussed in this pilot project.
2010-124 ESTIMATION OF THE NON IONISING RADIATION LEVEL IN THE VICINITY OF FM TRANSMITTERS, UHF TELEVISION TRANSMITTERS, GSM ANTENNAS AND WIMAX ANTENNAS Bexhet Kamo 1, Rozeta Miho 1, Algenti Lala 1, Olimpjon Shurdi 1 Faculty of Information Technology, UPT, Tirana, Albania
Abstract: Estimation of the non ionizing radiation level in the vicinity of radio FM transmitters, UHF television transmitters, GSM antennas and WiMax antennas, and the comparison of theoretical values with exposure limits for public and occupational limits, offers the possibility of knowing the minimum safety distance from antennas. In this paper, we present results of estimations for the power density radiated from antennas, by eliminating or not considering reflected waves from different surfaces. By simplifying the complex theoretical calculations, we can have a value that is quite real in relatively small distances from antennas. This method is used to estimate the power density of non ionizing radiation for the main applications that "pollute" the environment with electromagnetic waves like radio FM transmitters, television transmitters, mobile telephony antennas and WiMax antennas. For each application we have calculated the minimum safety distances from real transmitters. The estimation is done for real frequencies and applications, in order to have a clear idea for the minimum safety distances from transmitters used in different applications.
2010-125 ANALYSE AND EVALUATION OF SAR AND INFLUENCE OF METALLIC OBJECTS IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD NEARBY THE MOBILE STATION DEVICE Algenti Lala 1, Bexhet Kamo 1, Olimpjon Shurdi 1, Vladi Kolici 1 Faculty of Information Technology, UPT, Tirana, Albania
Abstract: The Specific Absorbation Ratio is a very sensitive issue for the cellular communications.SAR represents the ratio of the power absorbed by the human tissues , and it mus be within the standards. The average SAR, defined by the standards, can be calculated by the measuring of the E (electric field) in an imaginary biological volume filled with tissues. This paper describes a way of measuring SAR, approximated by the technique of the near field. The division of the plane waves, of the field measured in a plain, allows the recreation of the immaginary electric field from which the SAR can be measured. The impact of the Efekti i metallic jewlery in the face be investigated based on the absorbed energy from the human head from the radiation of a PDA ( personal data assistant ). We will deal with relative differences of SAR in the human head , as result of an radiation from a dypole at the frequency 1.8GHZ and of an monopole inside an conductor box, influented by the presence in the near-field of metallic rings. In this simulation are been used simple and complex models of manikin heads and the evaluations of the FD-TD are checked against the measurements by a industry of standards, of the system of measurements, for the accepterd norms of absorbation (SAR) DASY 4. The simulation as well as the measurements make reference of the IEEE specifications for the manikin head, further defined as antropomorfic. The results lead to the fact that the metallic rings can alter different levels of the specific norm of absorbation (SAR) distributed in time. The results are shown for different size of earrings.
Key words: Specific absorption rate (SAR), near-field, finite difference time-domain (FDTD), personal data assistant (PDA), metallic jewelry
2010-126 ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS ACCUMULATION BY DIFFERENT SPONTANEOUS PLANT SPECIES GROWN ALONG LANA RIVER, ALBANIA Alma Shehu 1, Alfred Mullaj 1, Fatos Harizaj 1, Julian Shehu 1 Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Department of Chemistry, Tirana, Albania
Abstract: Plants absorb a number of elements from soil, some of which have no known biological function and some are known to be toxic at low concentrations. The aim of this study was to assess the accumulation of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, manganese) in some plant species grown in water media. Concentrations of heavy metals were measured also in bottom sediments, near the root of plant species, in one of the most polluted rivers in Tirana, Lana River. Three stations were chosen to assess the effect of growth environment in metal accumulation by each plant depending on water quality and pollution. Beside this, physic-chemical parameters of water samples were measured on the moment of sampling. Considerable higher contents of Ni and Cd were accumulated especially in species Typha latifolia., (about 254.3 mg/kg Ni) whereas species Arundo donax accumulated more Mn (about 182.7). The accumulation of Pb and Cd was almost the same in all plant species. Positive correlation was found between the concentrations of Pb and Ni in sediments and in plants for species Typha latifolia and Arundo donax, as well as for Arundo donax. The content of metals accumulated in species Salix alba was not in good correlation with the content in sediments. All sediment samples sites in the study area basin were generally more or less polluted when compared with the control values. Therefore, all plants can be used as biological indicators while determining environmental situation of a special environment. The results confirm the complexity of factors influencing the efficiency of heavy metal accumulation by plant species; they indicate increasing ion absorption in the case of some metals, while the accumulation of other heavy metal ions was limited.
Key words: bioaccumulation, heavy metals, polluted water, AAS
2010-127 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CLIMATE FACTORS IN AVERAGE AND EXTREME YEARS Vladimir Konovalov Institute of geography, Moscow, Russia
Abstract: Mapped spatial distribution of seasonal precipitation amounts and average air temperature are obtained for the research areas in years with normal and extreme values of glaciers runoff as well as total river runoff. To achieve this we used anomalies of precipitation amount for October-April and anomalies of average air temperature for June-September during 1961-1990, at 93 meteorological stations located along the intervals: latitude 30.20° - 44.08°N, longitude 67.20° - 82.98°E, and altitude of 122 4 169 meters above sea level. According to this information for each point-element (i.e. meteorological station with proper data) were calculated statistical probabilities by means of sample volume equaled to 30 years and received averages and standard deviations for each year. In characteristic years were revealed significant differences for spatial distribution of runoff climate factors. It was found out that the spatial distribution of the total amount of glaciers melting is the most variable in years with average water yield, as compared to the extreme years. This peculiarity is very beneficial for hydropower and agriculture because provide additional and natural ability to stabilize water balance of reservoirs. A piecewise multi-linear equations were obtained also to calculate the statistical probability of glaciers total melting in low and high flow years as a function of geographical coordinates and the average altitude of firn boundary. Statistics of climate factors of glaciers runoff, including integral and differential distribution and spatial correlation functions, provide a much more informative impact of climate change on the hydrological regime of glaciation, compared to the empirical estimates of averages values alone. This presentation was supported by RFBR Project 08-05-00661
Key words: climate factors of runoff, spatial distribution, extreme years
2010-128 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. DESIGN, OPERATION AND UPGRADING PROCEDURES PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Manuel Malafaya-Baptista Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Portugal
Abstract: Water distribution systems (WDS) design (namely looped network systems) has been traditionally performed based on a static approach on the results of the 'normal' hydraulic performance of the pipes to satisfy the consumptions (quantified by demands on the nodes of the network) and subjective criteria for pipe diameter sizing. 'Abnormal' situations (as pipe failure scenarios) consequences in the performance level of the system (mainly in the changes in the pressure in the nodes of the network) usually are not analysed and evaluated. The present work describes new different alternative procedures to eliminate this lack in the information needed for an efficient operation and eventual upgrading of an existing water distribution system, as follows: i) Maximum entropy flow pattern methodology; ii) Pipe diameter resizing methodology; and iii) Double pipe network layout methodology. The description is based on a case study (looped network with 9 loops, 16 nodes, 24 pipes). Pipe failure scenarios and its hydraulic consequences (flow pattern changes in the pipes and energy losses between source nodes and demand nodes) are studied and the obtained results are used as essential information for the further stages of the proposed alternative methodologies. An exhaustive comparison between the traditional approach and the alternative methodologies is made, using numerical and graphical indicators of the obtained performance levels for each of the analysed scenarios. The obtained results allow to present a matrix of 'costs-benefits' objectively grounded, which allow a more coherent comparison of the alternative solutions studied for the WDS.
2010-129 GREEK AND TURKEY CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESTORATION TECHNOLOGIES OF BALKAN WETLANDS Suleyman Kocbas 1, Melis Somay 2, Theologos Mimides 3 1 Traki Renewable Energies, Izmir, Turkey 2 Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey 3 Agricultural University of Athens, Greece
Abstract: Two wetland sites, one in Greece and one in Turkey, will be investigated by a group of scientists from both countries, in order to find out their environmental status, to investigate the problems they are confronting, and maybe to propose some ways that would lead to their remediation. The wetland that is chosen for Greece is the Cotychi lagoon, in Peloponnesus, Greece. It consist a very important wetland for Greece, because it supports a great diversity of fauna and flora. Its importance has been recognised internationally and the lagoon is protected by Ramsar Convention. However, the local people have not recognised its vital and crucial role for the surrounding area and local economy. The overexploitation of its natural resources (fish, wood, sand), which in combination with irrational agriculture, livestock, wild fires and the arbitrary disposal of debris and solid waste make the protected area to appear degradated on a regular basis. The wetland on Buyuk Menderes Delta region, which belongs to the national park of Mykale peninsula, is encountered on the West Coast of Central Anatolia of Turkey opposite of the island of Samos. The Delta region of the national Park is a marshy area with a few lagoons, salty swamps and mud planes with an overflowing character. Its biodiversity is rich and enhosts 18 endemic flora species which are critically endangered. The Delta is under protection through international Bern and Rio agreements and Barcelona Convention. As a whole this international park does not consist for Turkey only an environmental value but also a cultural one due to Greek antiquities of the area under protection. The whole park is under stress for the same hazards and environmental problems which threat and the wetland of Cotychi. During the implementation of the project, the research team will concentrate on the negative impacts to the environment of the two protected areas and a tailor made effort will be applied making use of selected environmental indicators (European Environmental Agency Core set of indicators Guide, Technical Report No 1 / 2005) in order complex environmental phenomena to be emerged and depicted in a simple and easily understood way to the common citizen.
Key words: Wetlands, Restoration, Hydrology
2010-130 DETERMINATION OF α-CYPERMETHRIN INSECTICIDE RESIDUES IN SENEGAL WATERS BY A FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS-PHOTOCHEMICALLY INDUCED FLUORESCENCE (FIA-PIF) METHOD Jean-Jacques Aaron 1, Moussa Mbaye 2, Mame Diabou Gaye Seye 2 1 Laboratoire LGE, Univ.Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallee, France 2 Universite C.A. Diop, Dakar, Senegal
Abstract: A number of pesticides such as alpha-cypermethrin, a relatively toxic, synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, are very frequently utilized in Senegal to control moth pests of fruit and vegetable crops. As a consequence, pesticide residues can be found in natural waters in the Senegal agricultural regions. In this work, we have developed a method, based on flow injection analysis combined to photo-induced fluorescence detection (FIA-PIF method), to determine low levels of α-cypermethrin in waters. α-cypermethrin naturally displays very low fluorescence, but can be converted in strongly fluorescent photoproduct(s) by direct UV irradiation. We found that the use of cyclodextrins (β-CD and HB-β-CD) improved considerably the FIA-PIF signal. FIA parameters, including flow rate, injected volume and reactor length, were optimized. The FIA-PIF analytical performances were good, with low limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values, respectively comprised between 41 and 126 ng mL-1 and between 138 and 420 ng mL-1, and relative standard deviation (RSD) in the 1.2-3.8 % range. Application of FIA-PIF to the quantification of α-cypermethrin residues in tap water and Senegal natural water fortified samples yielded satisfactory recovery percentages (84 - 108 %). Because of a high sampling rate (more than 15 samples h-1), FIA-PIF constitutes a fast analytical method, useful for the determination of α-cypermethrin residues in the Senegal natural waters, close to agricultural areas.
2010-131 GENERAL PATTERN OF THE HYDROLOGIC BALANCE IN THE SAVA RIVER BASIN Dragoslav Isailovic 1, Stevan Prohaska 1, Brankica Majkic 1 1 Institute for Water resources development Jaroslav Cerni", Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract: Most important components of hydrologic balance within river basin are precipitation - Pb, runoff - Q (often represented by net precipitation - Pn), and evapo-transpiration - Et. Precipitation and runoff are commonly measured with satisfying accuracy. However, evapo-transpiration is difficult and expensive to measure, and frequently is estimated by various mathematical models or simply as difference Pb - Et. Mechanisms that govern the considered processes and their relationships upon each other are very complex for they depend on the climate, topography, geology, vegetation etc. Many of these factors, except for within-the-year fluctuations, are stable or slightly variable over long time periods. This feature offers an opportunity to assess a general pattern of the balance components within the catchment. This paper describes a mathematical model that relates components of hydrologic balance to the total precipitation - Pb, observed at a considerable number of gauging stations. Available data collected over the Sava River catchment support a reasonable assumption that a relation between average annual values of Pb and Pn can be linearised. From that, a linear relationship between Et and Pb, as well as a hyperbolic dependence between runoff coefficient - φ and Pb, can be obtained. The model cannot replace analyses of hydrological data regularly collected over considered catchment. Yet, it can give a general insight into spatial distribution of the considered processes. Also, it can be used as a tool for a rough assessment of water resources on un-gauged catchments or for a quick overall check-up of calculations based on the observed data.
2010-132 IMPORTANCE OF WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION IN ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION IN VIEW OF CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY
Svetimir Dragovic 1, Veljko Radojevic 2, Milinko Cicmil 1, Milenko Uscumlic 3 1 Promont group Novi Sad, Serbia 2 Faculty of Management in Business, Serbia 3 Erste Bank, Serbia
Abstract: Water quality in Irrigation on organic food production plays a very important role in maintaining and protecting the environment on which the product quality often depends. It requires a careful approach because of the adverse effects that can be manifested both in the soil and in the plant products. Intensive technical and technological development in all branches of the economy is a major cause of pollution of the environment, primarily of water. The most frequent polluter of soil, i.e. of the medium from which plants take up nutrients, is irrigation water. In that way, plant products which are used for food production become polluted. Water that can contaminate plant products with harmful substances can come from various sources, especially from surface waters contaminated with waste industrial and communal waters or from agricultural farms. The analysis of water quality in some irrigation systems in Serbia found that in 25% of system, water quality does not meet the requirements, which affected the increase in concentration of salt in the soil above the allowable level, precluding the organic agriculture. Besides the total amount and the content of certain pollutants from the salt, harmful and dangerous substances in the irrigation water often come from chemicals which are used in agriculture as pesticides and nutrients, and from the waste waters, or wastes deposited in the watercourses, as well as by the presence of certain microorganisms. Water quality and its hygienic safety exceptionally in vegetable irrigation is extremely important due to the increased demand for healthy safe food, and water can transfer microorganisms to the plant products, which cause diseases in people, such as: salmonella, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Cryptosporidium parvum and others. Water from surface sources is more prone to be contaminated in respect to the water from the underground sources.
Key words: Irrigation, water quality, environment, organic production, microbiological safety
2010-133 RESERVOIR CLEANING WITHOUT TURBIDITY EFFECT Klas Lange Weda Poolcleaner AB, Sweden
Abstract: The Weda VR-600 under water cleaning robot enables you to remove bottom sedimentation in drinking water reservoirs, including water towers, without creating any turbidity. This makes it possible to clean the reservoirs without any interruption to the water distribution since the reservoir can be kept on-line (in-duty) during the entire cleaning operation. The VR-600 is a remote controlled under water cleaner vehicle equipped with a strong on-board submersible pump connected to a discharge hose. The sediment is released from the bottom with separately controlled brushes on the vehicle and then sucked out through the submersible pump. The VR-600 is today introduced in 5 continents and is used not only in drinking water applications but also in industrial applications. Weda offers a wide range of under water cleaners for various applications. The common target is to offer cleaners that will do a good under water cleaning job without adding any chemiclas and with minimal waste of water. For further info please visit www.weda.se or contact Weda directly at info@weda.se
2010-134 WATER SCARCITY AND DROUGHTS MANAGEMENT IN SPAIN Alberto Rodriguez Fontal Ministry of Environment, Spain
Abstract: The Special Action Plans include: i) Geographic zoning of the river basin, essentially along the lines of Water Usage Systems, a traditional device that has been maintained in present water management legislation. ii) A system of hydrological indicators for characterizing drought severity, defined in four phases which are, in increasing order of severity: normality, pre-warning, alert and emergency. iii) The basic indicators are: reservoir levels, piezometric readings which take account of aquifer reserves , runoff data in certain parts of the system and rain gauge readings, as well as indicators of water quality or environmental effects. iv) The above indicators have been grouped into different categories: by their purpose (warning, effect and efficiency indicators), type of PES measurements involved (forecasting, operating and organizational and management indicators) and by the availability of information (initial and potential indicators). v) Following a similar procedure in all basins, all the drought indicators were converted into dimensionless values ranging from 0 to 1 (status index). One task based on the analysis of historic droughts and hydrological simulation techniques that proved to be highly complex was the definition of the "threshold values" of the indicators used to characterize drought and measure its severity.
Key words: Droughts, Management, Plans
2010-135 ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SERTOLI CELLS OF SALMONIDAE FROM OHRID LAKE DURING THE SPERMATOGENETIC CYCLE Katerina Rebok 1, Irena Tavchiovska-Vasileva 1 1 Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Macedonia
Abstract: Ultrastructural characteristics of Sertoli cells of Salmonidae from Ohrid Lake during the spermatogenetic cycle have been analysed. Sertoli cells being an integral part of the seminiferous lobules underwent considerable changes, which influenced their cytomorphological features. The cells with squamous form, characreristic for the period before spawning, gradually increase their dimensions. Lipid vacuoles of different size were noticed in their cytoplasm, while the nuclei acquired a polymorphic appearance. In the seminiferous lobules with rare sperm residues Sertoli cells underwent further changes, which caused their involution. The degenerative changes of Sertoli cells were manifested by an extreme vacuolisation, mitochondria with disintegrated crysts or mitochondria in degeneration, with widened crysts and thickened matrix, by desorganised ER, digestive vacuoles, i. e. autophagosomes, "myeline-like" structures and lysed cytoplasmic regions. The above mentioned changes were followed by karyopycnisis, comlete degeneration and delamination of cells from the wall of the seminiferous lobules, lysis and detritus formations, i. e. Sertoli necrotic material in the lumen of the lobules. The degeneration of Sertoli cells was followed by destruction of the basal membrane of the lobules.
2010-136 DEGENERATIVE PROCCESES IN THE SERTOLI CELLS OF THE TWO OHRID SALMONS - ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Katerina Rebok 1, Irena Tavchiovska-Vasileva 1 1 Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Macedonia
Abstract: In this article the ultrastructural changes of Sertoli cells of two salmons from Ohrid Lake has been analysed. The aim of this work is to represent the cytomorphological aspect of Sertoli cells of Ohrid trout and Ohrid belvica on ultrastructural level durind the reproductive sysle. Testes of sexualy mature Ohrid trout and Ohrid belvica males caught in Ohrid Lake have been analysed. The ultrastructural analysis of the material has been done on the ultrathin section which have been preparated on Reichert-Yung "Ultracut" ultramicrotome, contrasted with uranil acetate and lead cytrate. The cytological analysis based on ultrastructural findings contains some regions of testes of these two salmons during the reproductive sycle, with a special empasis of Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells, as an integral part of the seminiferous lobules suffer considerable changes, which influence their cytomorphological aspect. Namely, out of cells with endoteliomorphic appearance, characteristic for the prespawning period, they gradually increase their dimensions. Lipid vacuoles of different size can be noticed in their cytoplasm, while the nuclei get polymorphic appearance. In the seminiferous lobules with rare sperm residues Sertoli cells undergo further changes which cause their involution. The degenerative changes of Sertoli cells manifest with extreme vacuolosation, mitochondria with desintegrated crysts or mitochondria in degeneration (with widened crysts and thickened matrix), with desorganised ER, digestive vacuoles (autophagosomes), "myelin like" structures and lysed cytoplasmatic regions. The above mentioned changes are followed by karyopycnosis, complete degeneration and delamination of the cells from the wall of the seminiferous lobules, their detritus (Sertoli necrotic material) in the lumen of the lobules and its lysis. The degeneration of Sertoli cells is followed by destruction of the basal membrane of the lobules.
2010-137 CAN RODLET CELLS CHANGES IN BARBEL (BARBUS PELOPONNESIUS) FROM THE RIVER BREGALNICA BE USED AS BIOMARKERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION? Katerina Rebok 1, Vasil Kostov 2, Eduardo Rocha 3, Maja Jordanova 1 1 Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Macedonia 2 Institute of Animal Science, Fishery Department, Macedonia 3 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, and Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Portugal
Abstract: For evaluating pollution impacts on aquatic ecosystems there is a need to establish early-warning signals (biomarkers) using bioindicator organisms. Some studies suggested that rodlet cells (RCs) changes in fish can be used as pollution biomarkers. Looking for supporting evidence, we analysed 136 barbel from the River Bregalnica, caught from October 2007 until March 2008, at a reference site and two sites suspected to be under pollution impact: A (near Kocani) - from aquaculture and mining; and B (near Stip) - from household water discharges. Quantitative microscopy tools were used to estimate the RCs amounts in liver. As general fish health indicators at polluted and reference sites, the condition factor (CF) and hepato-somatic index (HSI) were also recorded. As to results, the CF and HSI were lower at site A (p<0.01) when compared with both reference and B sites. Fish from site A also showed the highest average amount of RCs, being both the relative and total volumes of RCs significantly different from those found at site B (p<0.05). However, the amount of RCs in fish of either site A or B was not statistically different from the reference site. Data analysis per sex is under way. The gross indicators are suggestive of pollution impacts at site A. The microscopy data, however, is only partially indicative of stress effects at site A, as so it was not able to clearly distinguish the reference from the site where gross indicators were poorer. Even if our data indicate that pollution may raise the RCs pool, its accumulation, at least in our context, resulted in a non-efficient bio-monitoring tool, due to its apparent insensitivity. However, this potential biomarker merits further scrutiny, as its behaviour may depend on the type of pollutants. Also, RCs exist in diverse organs and organ-specific responses can thus occur. Finally, from this study we suggest that RCs changes must not be viewed alone but rather as part of multi-biomarker approaches, a fact that we will further explore.
2010-138 RAINFALL, FERTILIZATION, SOC CHANGES IN A LONG TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT Laszlo Marton Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
Abstract: Seasonal changes of SOCs mechanisms of arable soils are essential in understanding and mitigating global climate change. The objectives of this study were to determine of rainfall and fertilizatio impacts on SOCs changes in a long-term field experiment on a Haplic Luvisol using popular rotation crops in a fragile agro-ecological environment at Nyírlugos city (Nyírség region; N: 470 41 60 and E: 220 2 80) in Hungary from 1962 to 2002 for 40 years. During 40 experimental yr seasonal correlations (R2) amongst SOC (mg kg-1) and precipitation (mm) in winter half years (WHYs), and in summer half years (SHYs) ranged from WHYs R2 = 0.4401 to 0.8934, and from SHYs R2 = 0.3343 to 0.9078 in a significancy at P<0.001. NPKCaMg fertilization impact on SOC (mg kg-1) and precipitation (mm) correlations were significantly (P<0.001) at a mean of R2 = 0.4691 in the WHY, R2 = 0.6171 in the SHY, and R2 = 0.6582 over the 40 yr. However, organic carbon stores (mg kg-1) in soils decreased linearly by increasing precipitation between 322 mm yr-1 and 727 mm yr-1.
Key words: Precipitation, fertilization, SOC
2010-139 THE RELAXATION OF WATER ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CENTRAL ASIA Anvar Kodirov Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan
Abstract Tajikistan is rich in water resources. It is necessary to note that having occupied a little more 20 % of the area of the Aral sea basin (350 thousand км2) the mountain zone given about 90 % of the total surface runoff. The Aral one is of large midland reservoir of globe. Into Aral run two rivers of Central Asian Amudaria and Sirdaria, which waters traditionally used on irrigation. The Amudaria and Sirdaria major of rivers and the Aral largest reservoir of the Central Asian region. The general of middle-annual flow of all rivers in basin of the Aral sea make 116 km3. This volume include 79,4 km3 a flow of Amudaria and 36,6 km3 a flow of Sirdaria. According to the likelihood distribution of a flow, the 5 % (the year abounding water) and 95 % (the year of droughty), for Amudaria of the annual flow changes from 109,9 to 58,6 km3 and for Sirdaria accordingly from 51,1 to 23,6 km3. In 1913 irrigated territories of basin of the Aral sea made all about 2 million hectares, the expansion of these areas in region has begun only in the Soviet authority. Approximately to 60th years, the volume sea remained in relative balance: evaporation of a moisture with a surface was compensated for the account of water inflow from the rivers, underground waters and precipitation.
2010-140 THE INFLUENCE OF GRAINS SIZE SEDIMENT UPON FLOW PROCESSES IN POROUS MEDIUM Bakos Mihaela Violeta Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Romania
Abstract: Grain size is the most fundamental physical property of sediment. Porosity, hydraulic conductivity and permeability are very important parameters for study flow and transport process in porous media. This hydrological parameters depend on the size of sediment grains and the percentage of various sediment fractions. The techniques and equipment used for particle-size analysis must be accurate and yield highly reproducible results. The accuracy of these measurements is limited by sampling techniques, storage conditions, equipment, and the capability of the operator. The most used method to determine grain size distribution is laboratory analysis. In the present study will take into account two wells, whose lithologic will be described, it will be the grain size distribution chart and will determina te granulometry. Laboratory method helps us to determine: the range of grain size present in the sample, the grain size that is important for groundwater flow, to design a gravel pack around well screens and drains, and to determine hydraulic conductivity or permeability in porous medium. In the paper will present the types of particles or grains that are present, the size and size distribution of those grains, and then make some interpretations that help for study the flow and transport processes in aquifer .
2010-141 THE LITHOLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PEJA'S LUMBARDH PUDDLE Kosovare Tahiri Student, Republic of Kosovo
Abstract: The water resources of a location has determinant importance for the development strategy of all activities of population as from these factors are depending the possibilities of a location development. In this study were treated the issues of territorial definition of Peja's Puddle Lumbardh as well as the net of running water and water sources of the Puddle and the average bringing water of these flows and resources. It was treated as well the issues which concerns the orografic, pedological elements and climactic of Puddle as well as the population of residences of this zone which is included in this study. Having under consideration the water capacity of Peja's Lumbardh Puddle and the needs of the population for the use of these water and knowing that the farm grounds are those who mostly use this water in the region because of they spend 2/3 (two of third) of puddle water quantity while the rest quantity of puddle water is being used for the drinking water and for the other needs. In this study, we tried to introduce the present ways of using water potential for this zone, the present management and the consequences of degradation of water sources for this zone.
2010-142 PARASITIC CONTAMINATION OF THE MINT AND TURNIP IRRIGATED BY UNTREATED WASTEWATER IN SIDI YAHIA GHARB (MOROCCO) Sylla Idrissa 1, Driss Belghyti 1, Khadija El Kharrim 1, Clement Yoro 2 1 Ibn Tofail University, Morocco 2 Gateway Alliance Medical, Morocco
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the parasites load of contamination of two vegetable crops (turnips and mint) irrigated with wastewater in Sidi Yahia through qualitative and quantitative parasitological analysis. Samples of mint and turnips have respective average concentrations of 4.71 eggs/100g and 4.3 eggs/100g. The main parasites identified are: Capillaria sp. Nematodirus sp. Ankylostoma sp. Toxocara sp., Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaridia galli, Uncinaria stenocephala, Eimeria sp., Entamoeba coli, and strongyles. Parasitological concentrations of the irrigation effluent are higher compared to World Health Organization (WHO) and Moroccan Standard Committee values for irrigation waters.
Key words: wastewater, vegetables, parasites, Sidi Yahia of Gharb, Morocco
2010-143 CREATION OF ADD-INS FOR GEOSTATISTIC APPLICATIONS Berat Sinani 1, Bahri Sinani 1, Imer Preteni 2, Sami Preteni 2, Bedri Beqiri 3
1 Faculty of Mines and Minerals, Kosovo
2 Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Kosovo 3 ICMM, Kosovo
Abstract: Compilation of extra components for geostatistical needs is essential. We have worked on some additional components through which we will automatically solve a lot of geostatistical problems which require lot of resources and a lot of work for solving these problems. The methodology chosen for this was to make it easier and simpler for the clients to use these components that are easy to use. These components are written in VBA and are fully-compatible with Microsoft Office package, and can directly solve lot of geostatistical problems with these applications. All of these geostatistical problems that we have created add-ins for; we have tested them also with other applications which gave us very accurate results same as the results which we got from other applications. These components are tested and are ready to be used in Microsoft Word 2003, Microsoft Excel 2003, or higher. A fifteen-day trial version of these components is available, whereas the full package can be purchased.
Key words: add-Ins, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Word 2003, Microsoft Excel 2003, VBA, Easy to Use
2010-145 CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT SOLID WASTES DEPOSITS Beatrice-Natalia Neagu Waters Directorate Buzau-Ialomita, Romania
Abstract: The paper presents some aspects of location, operation and monitoring solid wastes deposits. National solid wastes strategy, the legal norms in force that provide for criteria and procedures for acceptance of solid wastes for storage, technical regulations for solid wastes storage, tracking and control procedures solid wastes deposits is part of documents that indicate how wastes management should be conducted corresponding. In recent years has considerably increased the amount of solid wastes and therefore impact over environmental factors and human healthy. Therefore, due attention to the collection, transport and solid wastes storage of any kind. In important given the choice of solid wastes deposit, how the sealing, drainage works and water discharges and measures of safety in operation.
2010-146 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES IN THE UPPER BASIN OF OKPARA IN BENIN (WEST AFRICA) Ogouwale Romaric Laboratoire de Climatologie, Universite d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin
Abstract: This survey aims at evaluating climate change impacts on water resources availability in high basin of Okpara. It focuses on the water resources vulnerability as regards to climate modifications observed in the basin. The modifications are characterized with climate indicators' variability. To identify currunt signs of climate change data of normal (1941-1970) and (1971-2000) are analysed and compared. The heap of rain days, the rainfall average have been used to determine gaps between the two considered normal. Data obtained at different scales have been reported in relative values. As for temperatures, warming up indicators are based on the calculation of gaps (°c) between the considered normals (1941-1970 and 1971-2000). Besides, by taking into account the climate indicators' evolution on the set of reference 1961-1990, their future evolution has been estimated. The comparative analysis of rain data, rainfall between normals 1971-2000 and 1941-1970, shows an overall decrease between 16 and 28 % in the high basin of Okpara. In this same period of time, temperatures have increased of 1°C overall in the basin. This situation has led into a deterioration of water resources in the basin, which has resulted into a decrease of the Okpara River's flow. Indeed, the analysis of hydrolic regime on the set 1965-2000, shows on owerall tendency to the decrease in order of 20 to 25 % during months such as July, August, September and October, which consequently of water resources in the basin. By 2050, on the basis of projections and scenarios, temperatures will increase between 1,5 and 2°C in the basin in relation to the decrease of the rainfall would be strod between 11 and 30 %. As for flows, on the same horizon, 2050, this decrease will pass at 30 % in 2010, then 40 % in 2050. If this situation does not reverse, one would attend a reduction of the water availability in the basin. In this context, the reduction of superficial water resources will disturbs the ecological and socio-economic systemes of this basin already vulnerable because of current climate contexts.
2010-147 ROLE OF IPPC PERMIT IN THE PROCESS OF REDUCTION OF POLLUTION CAUSED BY WASTE WATER IN TWO PILOT PLANTS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PRILEP Svetlana Petrovska 1, Natalija Aceska 1, Marina Petrovska 1 CeProSARD, Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract: Policy for sustainable development according to EU legislation, impose the process of integral approach, by gaining A or B IPPC permit to include and regulate environment influence, which is result from industrial activity. Integrated prevention and pollution control (IPPC) is regime for editing ecological permits for specific industrial activities (metallurgy, energetic, mineral industry, chemical industry, etc) including activities in intensive agriculture and waste managing domain. In the preparation of the application for IPPC permit, one of the prime prepositions in operative plans for waste water treatment is the construction of collector systems. Positive model for this trend of positive solutions and their implementation are two plants in Prilep ( Klaneks and Roni Kolant Prilep) which are in IPPC preparation phase and realization of the proposed operative plan.
2010-148 THE FUNCTION OF THE BUTONIGA DRAINAGE AND RETAINING CHANNEL IN THE INTEGRAL MANAGEMENT OF THE BOTONEGAACCUMULATION Elvis Zic 1, Nevenka Ozanic 1, Mijo Vranjes 2 1 Faculty of Civil Engineering University in Rijeka, Croatia 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture University in Split, Croatia
Abstract: The retaining Butoniga channel represents one of the most significant water-managing facilities of the Istrian peninsula. Its purpose is related solely to the protection against high waters and erosion, as well as to the irrigation of downstream agricultural lands in the central and lower part of the Mirna River. In the last few years considerable changes in the geomorphology of the Butoniga channel, primarily in its lower part, have been noticed. This article addresses basic geometric and kinematical characteristics of the Butoniga drainage channel and describes the throughput capacity of the channel in winter and summer time as well as significant appearance of its deformability during the last ten years. The measures for the improvement and rehabilitation of the Butonega earth channel and the criteria for the channel throughput capacity increase and decrease of its erosive activity are given in the Conclusion.
Key words: the Butoniga channel, erosion, deformability, throughput, coefficient of roughness
2010-149 STORM SEWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN URBAN AREAS AND FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT Cvetanka Popovska 1, Milorad Jovanovski 2, Dragan Ivanoski 1, Igor Pesevski 2 1 University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Hydraulics, Hydrology and River engineering, Skopje, Macedonia 2 University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract: The urbanization changes the hydrological regime of urban streams as sites are cleared and natural vegetation is replaced by impervious cover such as rooftops, roadways, parking lots, sidewalks, and etc. One of the consequences is that more of a stream's annual flow is delivered as storm water runoff rather than baseflow. Depending of the watershed impervious cover, the annual volume of storm water runoff can increase by up to 16 times that for natural areas (Schueler, 1995). Together with the human activities related to land use practices, improper maintenance and management, as well as climate change impacts, the flood issue is recognized as complex problem in flood control and protection measures in urban sites and associated ecosystems. This paper will present a case study on frequent flooding, hydrological analysis, and hydraulic modeling of existing storm sewer system of Prishtina airport in Kosovo. Availability, suitability, and quality of hydrological, meteorological, geomorphic, topographic, maintenance and management data are discussed. Some results from frequency analysis of storm events in the region, as well as the results obtained by hydraulic modeling using HEC-RAS are presented. Flood risk maps have been created, flood risk analysis was preformed and measures against flooding of the runway and surrounding terrain were proposed.
2010-150 RIVER RESTORATION IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPING STRATEGY Cvetanka Popovska 1, Dimitar Sekovski 2, Vladimir Stavric 3 1 University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Skopje, Macedonia 2 United nations Development Programme, Project Office, Resen, Macedonia 3 UNDP Hot Spots Project, Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract: The restoration practice wild world is relatively new approach in environmental engineering. As the restoration projects are interdisciplinary the initial steps on identifying problems and getting organized are essential for the project success. The restoration initiative may come from several sources. In problem recognition and restoration effort initiation may be involved communities and any number of interested groups and individuals. Projects that come from a logical process of plan development tend to be more successful. Regardless of the origins of the restoration initiative or the introduction of the proposed "solution", it is essential that the leadership for the restoration planning process be at local level; i.e., the people who are pushing for action, who own the land, who are affected, who might benefit, who can make decision or who can lead. This paper deals with basic steps in getting organized, development of restoration goals and objectives, measurable attributes in definition of stream corridor conditions, planning procedures, and ecosystem recovery alternatives. The paper will outline some of the major considerations that need to be taken into account in developing restoration plan. Although restoration projects that include installation of designed measures are common, the "no action" or passive and low-cost alternatives might be more ecologically desirable.
2010-151 ONE-DIMENSIONAL UNSTEADY FLOW MODEL IN THE NON-PRISMATIC BUTONIGA CHANNEL Elvis Zic 1, Nevenka Ozanic 1, Mijo Vranjes 2 1 Faculty of Civil Engineering University in Rijeka, Croatia 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture University in Split, Croatia
Abstract: The Butoniga channel, as a drainage - retaining channel of the Botonega accumulation is a typical and complex trapezoidal earth channel with inundations on both sides that can be found in most water-managing solutions in Croatia. Within hydraulic interrelationship research, this channel is appropriate for the performance of several series of water measurements with different discharges in unsteady conditions. This is particularly important for the analysed section of the Butoniga drainage - retaining channel for practical reasons,, that is, for the purpose of establishing the maximum capacity of the channel in terms of evacuation of high waters. On the basis of the numerical model of one-dimensional unsteady flow, created in the software package MIKE11, we can determine all kinematical and dynamic characteristics of the Butoniga channel and simulate or identify channel spillways. The article defines ruling equations for the modelling of 1D unsteady flow in the Butoniga channel and the algorithm for determining the coefficient of roughness. Furthermore, the most frequent methods for defining the numerical schemes for calculation of unsteady flow in the open hydraulics channels have been described too. The developed model of 1D unsteady flow in the non-prismatic Butoniga channel represents the contribution to the development of hydraulic modelling in terms of the insurance of an adequate tool for the quantification and verification of the influence of the channel geometry change on the coefficient of roughness and thereby on the channel throughput.
Key words: the Butoniga channel, unsteady flow, numerical model, channel throughput, coefficient of roughness
2010-152 CHANGES OF PHYSICAL AND WATER-AIR PROPERTIES OF SOIL TYPE PSEUDOGLEY WITH DRAINAGE Radmila Pivic 1, Dragana Josic 1, Nevenka Djurovic 2, Aleksandra Stanojkovic 1, Miroslav Pivic 1 1 Institute of soil science, Belgrade, Serbia 2 Agrucultural faculty, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract: Institute of soil science, Belgrade, in 1950's established experimental field on pseudogley type of soil, with intention for agrochemical experiments. In 1978. on a part of the experimental field, it was established horizontal drainage system with flexible, perforated pipes Ű 80 mm in depth 0,95 m on marble filter, with drain spacing of 25m. In 2002. horizontal drainage was performed in additional two variants, with drain spacing 20m and 30m, using flexible perforated PVC pipes, Ű 80 mm, on marble filter, 0,90m depth. On experimental area it was opened five pedological profiles: profile 1- control; profile 2- in area with drain spacing of 20m; profile3 drain spacing 25m above the drain; profile 4 drain spacing 25m, between two drains; profile 5 in area with drain spacing of 30m. Intention for this examination was to define starting values for future comparative analysis of the elements of water-air regime of pseudogley type of soil. In laboratory it was performed following analysis of water-physical properties of soil samples: mechanical composition, bulk density, specific gravity, porosity, air capacity, retention characteristic of soil.
Key words: Drainage, Pseudogley, Water-air regime
2010-153 ANALYSIS OF DECREASING TENDENCY OF DOMESTIC WATER USE PER CAPITA IN TOKYO Naoko Nakagawa 1, Akira Kawamura 1, Hideo Amaguch 1 Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
Abstract: The amount of water supply per capita in Japan increased with economic growth reached a plateau in the 1990s and then has decreased over the last 45 years. The amount of domestic water use per capita in Tokyo also shows a gradual decrease over the last 67 years. One reason for this trend is that newer appliances with advanced water saving technology, such as dishwashers and water-saving washing machines have been developed and supplied to the market under the condition in which the usage rates of basic water-related appliances, such as flushing toilets and private baths, have approached a degree of saturation. In this study, the amount of domestic water use was quantified by estimating the usage rates of various water-related appliances. Tokyo Metropolis was selected as a case study because it was relatively easy to obtain detailed data from Tokyo Waterworks Bureau. In the analysis, the calculations for domestic water use reproduced actual usage figures from 1998 to 2008.New model was proposed for the projection of domestic water use in Tokyo, incorporating simulated usage of a range of water-related appliances including advanced water-saving appliances. The amount of domestic water use per capita was calculated according to the proposed model from 1998 to 2008 and compared with Tokyo's actual data for that time period setting the parameter at the base year of 1997. The preliminary data of the amount of domestic water use per capita in Tokyo and the domestic usage rates of conventional and water-saving appliances obtained from the field survey conducted by the Tokyo Waterworks Bureau were used in this calculation. Novel aspect of this study is that the decreasing trend of domestic water use per capita in recent years was expressed by modeling the introduction of advanced water-saving appliances.
Key words: domestic water use, Tokyo, water related appliances, water saving
2010-154 BIOCHEMICAL INDICATION OF MERCURY ACCUMULATION IN FISH Nina Nemova Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Abstract: Among factors affecting biota mercury takes a special place because of its wide distribution in the environment as well as it is a highly toxic substance for any life forms. Over 90% of the total mercury accumulated in fish tissues is present as MeHg (Spry and Wiener, 1991). This experimental field study was initiated to evaluate cell metabolic response reactions on mercury accumulation in P. fluviatilis (freshwater lakes of Karelia Republic, Russia) exposed to chronic combine effect of mercury and associated environmental factors (water pH and color). Total mercury concentrations in samples were determined by conventional technique (FAO/SIDA, 1983). The status of an aquatic organism may be estimated by a complex of appropriate methods or biomarkers. Combined with suitable models, biochemical parameters allow revealing metabolic disturbances, which occur as a rule before visible abnormality in organism functioning. Following biochemical indices of fish was studied: tissue protein level, total sulfhydryl group and oxyproline contents, qualitative and quantitative composition of SH-containing low-molecular weight peptides, intracellular proteolytic enzymes (cathepsin B and calpains) activity, energetic metabolism enzymes (LDH, MDH, GPDH, aldolase, cytochrome oxidase) activity; nuclease (acid DNAase) activity; reserve and membrane lipids (triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and phospholipids) content and their fatty acid composition. Biochemical alterations due to mercury uptake adversely affect a range of metabolic pathways in the organism. Thus, obtained results allow to suggest an indicated complex of biochemical parameters as supplementary biomarker set at biochemical monitoring of the environment at mercury contamination, organic pollution level and lake acidification.Thus, obtained results allow to suggest an indicated complex of biochemical parameters as supplementary biomarker set at biochemical monitoring of the environment at mercury contamination, organic pollution level and lake acidification. The present study was supported by the RFBR, project 08-04-01140-a
2010-155 EUTROPHICATION IN SEA WATER OF THE MONTENEGRIAN COAST AT ADRIATIC SEA IN 2005-2007 Danijela Joksimovic Institute of Marine Biology, Montenegro
Abstract: The fact is that in the world today water and land represents limited life resource which are more and more degrade and disturbed, mostly by anthropogenic influence. In common with the other areas, this system is also under a great impact of anthropogenic factors and the activities on the shore. The rivers weighted by sewage, canalization and industrial waters bring large quantities of pollutants through the system of Skadar Lake and river Bojana into the sea, which can be natural, or more frequently anthropogenic. The aim of this work was to determine the content of nutrients and phisical-chemical caracteristic in sea water samples collected in fall 2005 / spring 2007 at ten locations of Montenegrin cost at Adriatic Sea. Content of nutrients in the samples of sea water was determined by using the standard spectrophotometry method (using UV/VIS, Perkin Elmer λ2) and physical-chemical parameters were determined using a MultiLine 4 labs. The obtained results of examined nutrients in samples of sea water were compared depending on seasons, fall-spring, and locations, at cost of the open sea-Boka Kotor Bay.
2010-156 GEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ECOSYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL ZONES Fatbardha Cara 1, Artan Tashko 2, Jakup Hoxha 1 1 Institute of Geosciences, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania
2 Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania
Abstract: Pollution concerns, caused from the industry, are very often subject of many researchers of different science fields and institutions. As the first initiative in the geoenvironmental fields, this study is carried out in collaboration with Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry in Aachen, Germany. The aim of presented paper is to provide information about the presence, origin and mobility of the heavy metal in the different soils and their impact on the human chain. Samples are analyzed by AAS and XRF methods. High contents of heavy metal are due to the activity of the metallurgy, mainly by the dust emission. The results of the study generates important data about changes of the different compartments of the environment. Such results obtained by this approach suggest there is a need for a further monitoring plan and improvement interventions in the area.
Key words: environmental analyses, emission inventory, heavy metals
2010-157 REGIONAL ANALYSIS:DIFFERENCES IN EMISSION-INTENSITY DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY? Maarten van Rossum 1, Marije van de Grift 1 1 Statistics Netherlands, The Netherlands
Abstract: The economy is a complex system with many aspects having different interrelated dimensions. Many of these different aspects of the economy may have consequences for the quality of water. Therefore a clear but complex link exists between the economy and the quality of water. This relationship is currently an important issue in estimating the costs of implementing the Water Framework Directive. There are many mechanisms by which the Water Framework Directive affects water quality and the economy. The Water Framework Directive sets water quality targets at river basin level. This is partly explained by the fact that water pollution is very much a local environmental problem. Between river basins large differences in emissions to water and economic activity exist. As a result, the emission-intensity, here defined as the ratio between emissions and value added, differs between river basins. This paper tries to give an answer to why there are differences in emission-intensity between river basins in The Netherlands. In doing so, we will focus on differences in economic structure and environmental efficiency.
Key words: Water pollution, Water accounts, Emission-intensity, Economic structure, Environmental efficiency
2010-158 THE IMPACT OF THE MINING ACTIVITIES OVER THE ENVIRONMENT Laura Golosie 1, Mircea Golosie 2, Gheorghe Rogobete 1 1 "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, Romania 2 NGO "Hobby Club Jules Verne" from Buzias City, Romania
Abstract: The mining activity has a long history in Romania, since Dacian times. After the 1850 the negative phenomena of the mining activities start to have amplitude. The industrialization of these mining activities provoked majored changed: allocation of the localities, the migration of populations, construction of montages roads, or the primary processing of the ore. In industrialization area after 1989, all were going on chaotic. The mining activity has an influence in more plans: - The decantation for the sterile from the flotation processing- in those dumps can be found not only sterile but elements of others minerals also; - The localization of the mining dumps- all those are localized in areas isolated and in the civic center of some localities; - The installations for the ore primary processing milling, flotation, separation and transport can be found in the mountain areas, but also in the center of the mining localities which are partial or total demolished; - The galleries and the mine openings- some of those are building with concrete; others are destroyed or are open. All those are dangerous even in the isolated areas or in the localities perimeters; - The loading platforms can be found now, even under the level of some surfaces waters. The materials from those constructions are transported day and night, and produce a polluting effect, which is not taking in consideration by the authorities. If the wrappers are take in consideration thanks the visual discomfort, the mining activities elements (radioactive metals, decantation damps, dislocated galleries, the underground waters strongly polluted) for the moment are treated with very low importance. The authors propose a systematic and interdisciplinary study useful for the inhabitants from the affected areas, which through the disappearance of the mono industrialization, the environment destruction, the spirituality modification are exposed at different forms of aggression.
2010-159 MEAN MONTHLY SNOW COVER DEPTH TRENDS IN EAST ANATOLIA REGION OF TURKEY Resat Acar 1, Serkan Senocak 1, Selim Sengul 1 1 Ataturk University Engineering Faculty Dept. of Civil Engineering, Turkey
Abstract: This study investigates possible Mean Monthly Snow Cover Depth (MMSCD) trends at 13 meteorological stations (5 cities and 8 town) in East Anatolia Region of Turkey, spanning a period of November to April for approximately 27 years. Homogeneity in time series are tested by using a method developed by Swed- Eisenhart. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test is used to demonstrate any existence of possible MMSCD trends. The results show that there are 64 series don't indicate trend of MMSCD. However, 6 stations have positive trend, 2 stations have negative trend. It is tried to examine the linear relationship but coefficients of correlation are too low, so there is no linear relationship in time series that have trends. These changes could be associated with regional climate changes and global warming phenomena.
Key words: Mean Monthly Snow Cover Depth, Trend Analysis, Mann Kendall Test, East Anatolia Region
2010-160 ECOREMEDIATION IN PROTECTED AREAS Maja Mitic 1, Gordana Drazic 1, Ana Djordjevic 1 1 Faculty for Applied Ecology, Futura, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract: Ecoremediation integrates application of designed ecosystems in protection of natural values and remediation of the media (soil, water, air) environmentally sensitive natural ecosystems through the management of circulation materials processes. The main technological unit used is the ecosystem processor constructed on the basis of fundamental biological processes. Concept of ecosystem processor is shown in the example of filtering waste waters of visitor center Ludo - Special Nature Reserve (Republic of Serbia). Special Nature Reserve "Luda Lake" includes the shore of the lake and settlements Luda / upljak, Hajdukovo and Nose. Beauty of the lakes landscapes with high reeds is special value of this reserve. The aim of this project is determination of optimal environmental and economic technology for wastewater treatment of visitor center designed for 50 visitors in protected areas. Method that has been applied is SWOT analyses. Results obtained by analysis indicates that ecosystem processor is a water treatment facility. Duplicating the processes occurring in natural wetlands, constructed wetlands are complex, integrated systems in which water, plants, animals, microorganisms and the environment--sun, soil, air--interact to improve water quality. The most important advantage of the ecosystem processor is its absolute fitting into the existing ecosystem. The weakness, is modest experience in applying the ecosystem designed for water purification in the Republic of Serbia. The most important opportunity is the development of models that can be applied in almost all environmentally sensitive areas; the threat: technology - a high level of groundwater and regulatory laws in which ecoremediation doesn't exists. In conclusion: in the integrated management of protected natural resources, especially under high protection, ecosystem processors based on plant waste water purifiers are ecologically effective, but for their wider application there are necessary actions in education, research and development, regulation and policy.
Key words: Ecoremediation, ecosystem processor, waste water
2010-161 HEAVY AND TOXIC METAL ACCUMULATION IN SIX MACROPHYTE SPECIES FROM FISH POND ECKA, REPUBLIC OF SERBIA Nada Babovic 1, Gordana Drazic 1, Ana Dordevic 1, Nevena Mihailovic 2 1 Faculty of Applied Ecology, Serbia 2 Institute for Application of Nuclear Energy, Serbia
Abstract: A phytoremediation study was carried out at the fish pond Ecka, Republic of Serbia. The bioaccumulation of Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn and Ni, and distribution between the organs of the macrophytes (Typha latifolia, Phragmites communis, Nuphar lutea, Ceratophyllum demersum, Salvinia natans and Hydrocharis morsus-ranae) grow in the Ecka fish pond was investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine the capacity of bioaccumulation of metals due to the selection of indigenous macrophyte species suitable for the process of phytoremediation. Heavy metal content was determined using AAS in dry samples of plants which were sampled at the time of their maximum growth. The highest concentrations of Cd (10 ppm) were found in shoots and whole plants except Salvinia natans, while the highest concentrations of Zn and Mn were found in the Nuphar lutea rhizome The highest accumulation capacity was established in Typha latifolia and Nuphar lutea rhizomes. According to results of analysis there was no significant pollution of aquatic biotopes so the ecosystem and human risk were low. The presence of investigated metals in macrophytes indicates their good indicator and remediant properties, as well as the possible impact of pollution originating from the Tisza river or the air. Macrophytes are important components of aquatic ecosystems as primary organic producers and also as usable species for bioaccumulation of xenobiotics, and for their efficiently removing from aquatic ecosystems. This feature makes them as essential element in constructed aquatic ecosystems, ecosystem processors, for purification and conditioning of surface water. Therefore, recommendation for the management procedure to surface aquatic ecosystems is that instead randomly removing of macrophyte species, it provides their planting in accordance with water depth and then their removing at the phase of maximum growth and bioaccumulation of heavy metals.
2010-162 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BLACK SEA SEDIMENTS ON SEA URCHIN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOXICITY AND HYDROCARBON MEASUREMENTS Rahime Oral 1, H.Baha Buyukisik 1, E.Yesim Ozkan 1, Filiz Kucuksezgin 2, Enis Darilmaz 2, 1 Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, 35100 Izmir, Turkey 2 Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
Abstract: This work describes the toxicological evaluation of marine surface sediments (0-2cm) collected from six sites along Turkish coast of Black Sea. Sediment toxicity to sea urchin early development was evaluated with whole sediment specimens. Bioassays were carried out in Paracentrotus lividus embryos, by evaluating the following endpoints: a) normal (N) pluteus larvae; b) retarded (R) plutei, with size <1/2 N, yet no evident abnormalities; c) malformed plutei (P1) exhibiting a number of skeletal or other abnormalities; d) developmentally arrested embryos (P2), i.e. unable to undergo larval differentiation (blastulae or gastrulae), and e) dead (D) plutei (D1) or early embryonic death (D2). Six sediment specimens from Black Sea were tested at a 1% dilution (dry wt/vol) showing a dramatically higher toxicity in IST (Istanbul), moderate toxicity in ZNG (Zonguldak) and toxicity in INB (Inebolu) an SNP (Sinop). Other two specimens, ORD and TRB (Ordu and Trabzon respectively) failed to show any significant differences compared to controls and we classified these as a non-toxic. In addition to, sediment specimens were analyzed for their content in total organic carbon (TOC) and petroleum hydrocarbons. The investigations concentrated on 16 dominating non-alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 15 aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHCs). The relationship between the toxicity of analysed sediments and their organic content was examined. The results demonstrated that AHCs were good correlated (r2:0,84) with toxicity data and possible to responsible for toxicity at these sites. TOC and PAHs contents of sediment specimens poorly correlated with toxicity data obtained from experiments which were carried out with sea urchins.
2010-163 COASTAL DEGRADATION INDUCED BY ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ALONG THE NORTH BULGARIAN BLACK SEA SHORE Margarita Stancheva 1, Veselin Peychev 1, Atanas Palazov 1, Jordan Marinski 2, Hristo Stanchev 1 1 Institute of Oceanology - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
2 Institute of water problems Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Abstract: The present study explores modification of 10 km long coastal section between Albena resort and Balchik town, North Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The coastline alterations have been caused by armouring of this section as a road connection with solid coast-protection structure of a dike type. Dikes are onshore structures with the principal functions of protecting low-lying coastal territories against flooding and they are one of the most used defence methods along the Bulgarian coast. The research focuses the attention on the assessment of human-induced degradation at the study area: coastline shifting, sand losses and interruption of sediment supply from the cliff. Data from topographic maps (1:5 000) and field surveys data were used to investigate the coastal modifications, as the analysis and accurate assessment were performed into GIS environment. Dikes provide effective wave breaking and sufficiently protect the coast against flooding. On the contrary, such structures stop the exchange between land and sea, and vice versa, disrupt sediment input from the cliff, restrict public access to the water-area and decrease coastline attractiveness. In that case, as a consequence of dike construction, the 10 km long natural coast at this section was armoured and the whole coastal ecosystem was forever destroyed.
Key words: Bulgarian Black Sea coast, erosion, sediment sources, coastal defence
2010-164 ESTABLISHING OF MONITORING NETWORK ON KOSOVO RIVERS (DRINI I BARDHE, MORAVA E BINQES, LEPENC AND SITNICA) Stanislav Franciskovic-Bilinski 1, Fatbardh Gashi 2, Halka Bilinski 1 1 Institute "Rudger Boskovic", Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Croatia 2 Faculty of Natural Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Pristine, Kosovo
Abstract: The main goal of this work was to establish a monitoring network on main rivers of Kosovo. We aim to apply WFD (Water Framework Directive) in Kosovo as soon as possible, and our research could be the first step towards it. Waters of the rivers Drini i Bardhë, Morava e Binçës, Lepenc and Sitnica, which are of supra-regional interest, are investigated systematically for the first time. Statistical methods are applied to find locations where integrated water resources management can be suggested. Sediments of these rivers were also investigated at the same monitoring points and results have recently been published by us. In this paper we present results of mass concentrations of ecotoxic metals: Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) in waters of four main rivers of Kosovo. The natural aqua equilibration is done by Anodic stripping Voltametry (ASV), AAS and UV-VIS spectrometry. Also some physico-chemical parameters are determined: water temperature, electric conductivity, pH, alkalinity, etc. Results of concentrations of ecotoxic metals in water are compared with concentrations found in sediments. Also, we compared the data with some available results from the past, during the period 1978-1983. The last available results were from the year 1989. Our results are showing that concentrations of Cu and Zn in water are low and pose no risk for living organisms. But, contamination with Pb and Mn is high at one station on Drini i Bardhë River and at all stations along Sitnica River. Cd in high concentrations is measured only at two stations, one on Morava e Binçës River and one on Sitnica River. Comparison with available results from the past show that water pollution decreased since 1989, what is explained with closing of heavy industry since then. Continuation of water and sediment monitoring is highly recommended, as well as establishing of permanent network of monitoring stations.
Key words: Monitoring network , Water Framework Directive , Rivers of Kosovo , Ecotoxic metals , Pollution
2010-165 DEVELOPING HYDRO-SOURCES FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN TURKEY: THE SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA PROJECT (GAP) AS A CASE STUDY Bulent Acma Anadolu University, Turkey
Abstract: The Republic of Turkey has a special palace in the Eurasian and Mediterranean from the respects of both its social-economic structure and its geo-politic and geo-strategic importance. It is also the best model for the Islamic World by combining the traditional and modern life styles. In the recent years, there have been many opportunities flourishing through the development of Turkey. One of these is unvalued rich agricultural and hydro-sources in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. Turkey, which has been trying to make use of these resources for years, reached a certain stage today. The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), one of the most important projects in the world to develop the remarkable natural resources of the world, is accepted as a change for getting benefit from rich water and agricultural resources of the Southeastern Anatolia Region for the Eurasian. The GAP Project has been considered as a regional development projects through years, but the dimensions of sustainability, protection of environment and participatory have been attached to the master of the project in recent years. The GAP Project which take the responsibilities of some important tasks and functions in the futures Eurasian World is giving hopes and coming fertility to its region. In addition, the project will provide some contributions in the respect of water sources and agricultural development in the Eurasian. The aim of this study is to introduce this region having rich natural hydro and agricultural resources and the GAP Project. For this reason, firstly, the natural potential of the region will be introduced. Second, the GAP Project aiming to make the country use of these natural resources, especially water resources will be presented in detailed way. In the third stage, the projects being processed for protecting the natural sources and environment, making use of water will be analyzed. In the last stage, strategies and policies to develop and to protect the natural resources of the region in short, mid, and long terms will be proposed for the Turkeys and the Eurasian s benefits.
Key words: Natural and Hydro Resources, Environmental Economics and Sustainability, Southeastern Anatolia Region and Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP).
2010-166 TREND ANALYSIS OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN TURKEY CLIMATE REGIONS Hakan Aksu 1, Savay Kuscu 2, Osman Simsek 2 1 State Hydraulic Works, Ankara, Turkey 2 State Meteorology Service, Turkey
Abstract: Due to its possible effects, climate change has been a significant topic of research in recent years. Trend analysis is a basic tool to understand variations in time. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trends in hydrometeorological parameters for five different climate regions of Turkey. Long term annual mean temperature, precipitation, pan evaporation data and actual evapotranspiration estimations derived by Turc Formula has been used to determine trends. The data has been analyzed by run test (swed-eisenhart) for homogenity of time series and implemented mann-kendall non-parametric trend test. The results will show the temporal and spatial distribution of trends for hydrometeorologic parameters and will give an idea about water potential change in time.
Key words: trend analysis, mann-kendall test
2010-167 HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL MONITORING NETWORK IN TURKEY Nurullah Sezen 1, Ali Dogan 1 1 State Hydraulic Works, Ankara, Turkey
Abstract: Hydrometeorological
monitoring networks have a key role to determine hydrologic cycle
parameters. Structure of network and operating institutions varies with
countries. The objective of this study is representing of Turkey
hydrometeorological network. Therefore, Turkey hydrometeorological
network is presented in the context of institutional structure,
monitoring network, measurement techniques and case studies. There are
three govermental institution which are responsible for
hydrometeorologic monitoring in TURKEY. These are State Hydraulic Works
(DSI), Electrical Power Resources Survey(EIE) and State Meteorological
Services(DMI). DMI, EIE and DSI are responsible for meteorologic,
hydrologic and hydrometeorologic measurements subsequently. DSI has
aproximately 2000 stations for discharge , precipitation and
evaporation monitoring. EIE has 350 for discharge and DMI has 458
stations for meteorological parameters observation. In DSI conventional
and advanced measurement techniques are in use at the same time. The
modern methods are currently implemented in DSI, for example; discharge
measurements by ADCP, river level monitoring by ultrasonic level
sensors, telemetric communication by GPRS, VSAT, GSM etc. In the
meantime DSI is studying on water database project . There is a EU
funded Project about Meritza River Basin Flood Early Warning System
between Turkey and Bulgaria . In this study, we have presented new
methods for measurements, existing hydrometeorologic network in Turkey,
information about Meritza Project , Water Database Project.
2010-168 WATER INFRASTRUCTURE AND FOOD SECURITY LINKAGES IN THREE SELECTED REGIONS OF ETHIOPIA Tesfaye Tafesse Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Abstract: Access to water infrastructure reduces the exposure of people to a variety of diseases that obstruct the intake and utilization of food. In addition, it can reduce the time of hauling water by women thereby increasing their productivity and status. The study has considered two important water infrastructures, namely, domestic water supply schemes and irrigation that affect food security in Ethiopia. Within Ethiopia, three regions that fall within the Ethiopian portion of the Nile Basin, namely, Amhara, Oromia and Tigrai, were purposively selected. Data and information pertaining to food security situations and the status of domestic water supply and irrigation for all zones in the regions have been collected. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques have been used to analyze the data. The findings of the study have shown that food security status in the three regions of Ethiopia is generally low and varies considerably from zone to zone and region to region. The study has also established the existence of strong linkages between water infrastructure and food security in Ethiopia. One finds a relatively lower number of food insecure population in areas where there are better accesses to water supply and irrigation agriculture. This implies the need for policy interventions that can help in upgrading and expanding water infrastructures, adopting an integrated food security and infrastructure development approach, maintaining the existing water schemes and universalizing water coverage in Ethiopia.
Key words: food security, water infrastructure, livelihood vulnerability, water scarcity, food security strategy
2010-169 INFLUENCE OF ELEVATION ON SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF PRECIPITATION Marko Milosevic 1, Dragoljub Strbac 1, Jelena Kovacevic-Majkic 1 1 Geographical Institute "Jovan Cvijic" SANU, Serbia
Abstract: The study of spatial interpolation of precipitation values using the adequate interpolation method was done. Research was done in the municipality Jagodina (Central Serbia). Input data were digital elevation model (DEM) and precipitation data from 9 measurement stations for the period from 1961 to 1990. The study is GIS based, with grid resolution of 100 m. Spatial interpolation method which includes relief (elevation) is chosen. Precipitation analysis was done by examining the influence of morphometric components of relief (absolute and relative height). The aim of the study is to investigate the type and degree of influence of relief morphosculptures on precipitation increase.
2010-170 CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS OF PRECIPITATION EXTREMES BASED ON REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL SIMULATIONS Jan Kysely 1, Ladislav Gaal 1, Romana Beranova 1, Eva Plavcova 1 1 Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
Abstract: Future scenarios of high quantiles of precipitation amounts are examined in an ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) simulations for the 21st century, carried out within the European projects PRUDENCE and ENSEMBLES. Differences between winter and summer seasons, and the dependence of results on the driving GCM and emission scenario are examined. We apply the region-of-influence method as a pooling scheme in the estimation procedure, which takes into account data from a region (set of gridboxes) when fitting the extreme value distribution in any single gridbox. Homogeneity of the regions, i.e. the condition that one may assume that the distributions of extremes are identical apart from a gridbox-specific scaling factor, is tested by a built-in regional homogeneity test. Climate change scenarios for the early-21st century (2020-2049) and late-21st century (2070-2099) time slices over central Europe show that precipitation extremes are likely to increase in severity in winter and, with less agreement among models, also in summer. The inter-model and intra-model variability and related uncertainties in the pattern and magnitude of the change are large but the scenarios tend to agree with the precipitation trends recently observed in the area, which may support their credibility. In most scenario runs, the projected change in extreme precipitation in summer is of the opposite sign than a change in mean seasonal totals; a combination of enhanced heavy precipitation amounts and reduced water infiltration capabilities of a dry soil may severely increase peak river discharges and flood-related risks. The application of the pooling scheme in the frequency analysis efficiently reduces (random) variations in the estimates of parameters of the extreme value distributions in individual gridboxes that result from large spatial variability of heavy precipitation, and represents a useful and straightforward tool for weighting data from neighbouring gridboxes within the estimation procedure.
2010-171 FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT A BASIN APPROACH FOR ESTIMATION OF THE MAXIMUM WATER DISCHARGES Evelin Monev Institute of Water Problems - BAS, Sofia,Bulgaria
Abstract: Basis of the proposed approach is the theoretical definition of the concept "Flood risk". It is demonstrated in the paper that the probability component in the flood risk is equal to the probability of water discharge to be largest or equal to given value. When the goal of the investigations is flood risk estimation in the whole river basin (or whole river length), it is obviously necessary to complete the calculations in a great number of river points with the same probability of the discharges. It is known that the equal probability values of the discharge change with the length of the rivers. However, these changes are known only in the points of hydrometrical stations. Another problem rises from the boundary condition of the hydraulic differential equation calculating for determination of the water levels in short river parts. Usually the calculation are made under condition of a constant water discharge value in every consecutive part. In the large river strictest these approximately constant values are different. An applied methodic for decision of these problems is given in the paper. It is supported by statistical methods of water discharge probability calculations by means of available data and estimation of theirs values, and probabilities in cases without direct observations.
Key words: Flood risk, probability, river strictes, irregular flow, water level, flooding areas
2010-172 CLIMATE CHANGE & WATER RESOURCES:RISK & RISK MANAGEMENT - GUYANA Kailas Narayan Caribbean Institute for Meteorology & Hydrology, Barbados, West Indies
Abstract: Sea level rise resulting from climate change can be severe on coastal rivers & aquifers on continental coastal areas & small islands. Guyana is on the north eastern coast of South America, most of the population of which resides on a narrow coastal strip bordering the Atlantic Ocean, & below high tide level of the ocean. Water supply for domestic, agriculture & industrial uses are obtained from a combination of ground & surface water sources. In this paper an attempt is made to analyse situations that can arise as a result of sea level rise. A specific sea level rise of one meter by the end of the century & the impacts of this rise is investigated. The results indicate that the consequences for the surface water resources can be severe, but not as severe for the ground water resources.
Key words: sea level rise, surface water, ground water
2010-173 METHODOLOGIC APPROACH TO DETERMINE THE ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW IN RIVERS Lina Castro 1, Yesid Carvajal 2 1 Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile 2 Universidad del Valle, Colombia
Abstract: Human society has made use of the water resources in rivers, lakes, underground and in different types of swamps for agriculture, urban consumption and industry, among others. Water resources have been the driver of economic development of nations at the expense of the aquatic ecosystems. The short-term benefits of the use of water are high; but seen from a long-term perspective; they could be higher under a sustainable use of the resources. A long-term perspective could guarantee goods and services as well as the adaptability of the ecosystems to future environmental changes (Global Climate Change). Environmental flow forms part of the sustainable management of water resources, which is based on keeping a good ecological balance. In this work a methodology for the determination of the environmental regimen flow (EFR) in the Dagua watershed is developed (Colombia). The proposal is based in a holistic approach towards the establishing of the EFR in rivers. The development of the methodology comprised field measurements of hydrological and hydraulic variables as well as biological and physicochemical characterization of water quality. Field data were gathered along the dry and the rainy periods in the watershed, covering the seasonal variation for flow regime and the other variables mentioned above. A strong influence of flow variation over the physicochemical patterns associate to water quality and the biological index of the ecosystem were observed. The type of correlation between the different variables was also established. Historical information of hydrological data for the watershed was employed in the determinations of the natural regimen flow and its range of variation for inter- and intrannual periods. The EFR should fall within the range of natural variability due to the importance of hydrological changes in the livelihood of native biodiversity and the integrity of aquatic ecosystems.
2010-174 FLOOD FORECASTING AND FLOOD CONTROL IN TURKEY-BULGARIA CROSS BOUNDARY COOPERAION REGION Ismail Tuncok 1, Michal Veverka 2 1 DHI, Turkey 2 DHI, Czech Republic
Abstract: Implementation and operation of the Maritza River Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System (FFEWS) by a team of experts led by DHI Water&Environment&Health will result in significant improvements of State Hydraulics Works of Turkey's (DSI) ability to prepare for, fight and warn of floods. The important features of the FFEWS include the following: Improve precision and reliability in the decision making process by incorporating data acquisition system, forecasting technology/transfer and stakeholder requirements while addressing regional and national flood preparedness goals, Improve ability of DSI to meet current and future requirements for flood management and flood protection Improved interoperability of FFEWS in the shared Maritza basin, and Provide benefits to overall flood management in the basin, and provide a model of collaborative flood management in transboundary rivers.
2010-175 COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES IN KONYA ENDORHEIC BASIN AND TEMPERING THEIR DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS Erkan Kalipci 1, Haydar Oztaz 1, Celalettin Ozdemir 2 1 Selcuk University, Ahmet KELESOGLU Education Faculty, Department of Biology Education, Konya, Turkey 2 Selcuk University, Faculty of Eng. & Arch., Environmental Engineering Department, Konya, Turkey
Abstract:
Unaware usage of agricultural pesticides leads to some environmental problems and the residuals of these chemicals threaten all living things by causing environmental pollution. The agricultural products include pesticide residuals above allowable limits after harvesting due to unaware usage of pesticides. As a result of this, it's a known fact that the producers are sometimes up against it because of some health problems. Therefore, it's necessary to follow the chemicals used in agricultural products from the stage of production till they are used by the consumers.
In this study, it was aimed to analyze the rates of using agricultural pesticide groups in Konya Plain, being the wheat store of Turkey, between 1996 and 2006 depending on the data of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Konya Provincial Directorate. As a result of this research, when total chemical groups used between 1996 and 2006 are considered, it was determined that the chemical groups are used in the following descending order: Herbicides are the most commonly used one with 8.579.722 kg, then Fungucides are used with 7.424.272 kg, Insecticides are used with 5.614.550 kg, Acaricides with 248.483 kg and finally Fumigants with 100.943 kg. The necessary precautions that should be taken in order to minimize the detrimental effects of pesticide usage on human beings and the environment in Konya Region were discussed.
Key Words: Pesticides, Human and environmental health, Konya Basin, Turkey.